Table 2.
Significant lncRNAs associated with COVID-19.
| Human coronavirus | lncRNAs | Regulate direction | Origin | Organism/organ/cell type | Targets regulation | Biological effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV-2 | AC009088 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) | Downregulation Pycard | Inhibit Pycard transcription and fine-tune the inflammatory process | (8) |
| LINC02384 | Down-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Regulated IFN- γ | Regulated innate immune response | (8) | |
| AL392172 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) | Regulated IL-17 signalling pathway and Nonsense- Mediated Decay (NMD) pathway | Regulated viral transcription and inflammatory development | (8) | |
| HOTAIRM1 | Down-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | BALF | Regulated IL-17 signalling pathway and Nonsense- Mediated Decay (NMD) pathway, restricting the ORF1ab | Regulated viral transcription and inflammatory development | (8) | |
| PVT1 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | BALF | Regulated IL-17 signalling pathway and Nonsense- Mediated Decay (NMD) pathway, restricting the ORF1ab | Regulated viral transcription and inflammatory development | (8) | |
| SNHG25 | Down-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | BAL cells | Induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1, as well as Ccl2, Ccl3, and Cxcl10 inflammatory chemokines | Regulated neutrophils chemotaxis and reduce inflammation injury | (9) | |
| MALAT1 | Down-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | BAL cells | Induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1, as well as Ccl2, Ccl3, and Cxcl10 inflammatory chemokines | Regulated neutrophils chemotaxis and reduce inflammation injury | (9) | |
| NEAT1 | Down-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | BAL cells | Induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1, as well as Ccl2, Ccl3, and Cxcl10 inflammatory chemokines | Regulated neutrophils chemotaxis and reduce inflammation injury | (9) | |
| WAKMAR2 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | BALF | Regulated cytokine signaling pathway | Promote virus replication | (42) | |
| EGOT | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | BALF | Regulated cytokine signaling pathway | Promote virus replication | (42) | |
| HIF1A-AS-1 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Regulated the interaction between gene HIF1α and Jun | Enhanced the effector function of T cells and promote virus clearance | (43) | |
| RORA-AS-7 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Regulated the interaction between gene RORA and AP-1 | Controlled T cell differentiation | (43) | |
| GAS5 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Increased IL-10, TNFα | Inhibited its promoting activity against the virus and reduce lipopolysaccharide inflflammatory injury | (44) | |
| NRAV | Down-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Increased CCL3,CCL2 | Promoted the host immune response and suppresse virus replication and virulence | (44) | |
| TUG1 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Increased IL-7,CCL2 | Promoted inflammation and infection | (44) | |
| NORAD | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Increased CXCL10, CSF3, IL-6, TNFa | Led to cytokine storm | (44) | |
| RAD51-AS1 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Increased CCL2, IL-6, TNFα | Promoted pro-inflammatory immune response,resulting in cytokine storm | (44) | |
| MSTRG.119845.30 | Unknown | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Regulated TNFRSF1B, FCGR2A | Regulated adaptive immunity and inflammation | (45) | |
| MSTRG.106112.2 | Unknown | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Regulated STAT3 | Blocked virus autophagy and apoptosis | (45) | |
| DANCR | Down-regulation | Experiment validation | Inflammation-prone lung tissues | Increased REL, RELA, and NFkB1 and to AChE and IL-1b | Promoted infection | (46) | |
| NONHSAT122723.2 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Down-regulated NF-κB | Regulated immune and inflammatory responses | (47) | |
| ENST00000631362 | Down-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Down-regulated IL1RN | Involved in inflammation | (47) | |
| NEAT1 | Up-regulation | Experiment validation | Normal human bronchial epithelial(NHBE) cells, BALF | Down-regulated CAPN1 | Involved in inflammation | (8, 93–95) | |
| MALAT1 | Up-regulation | Experiment validation | NHBEC, BALF | Down-regulated CAPN1 | Involved in inflammation | (8, 93–95) | |
| TTTY15 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | COVID-19 infected lung tissue | Promoted T-box transcription factor 4 (TBX4) | Inhibited cell infection | (97, 98) | |
| TPTEP1 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | COVID-19 infected lung tissue | Suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation | Promoted cell survival and inhibite infection | (97, 99) | |
| GATA5 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | PBMC | Suppressed ACE2 gene | Prevented virus from infecting cells | (100) | |
| SARS-CoV | MALAT1 | Down-regulation | Experiment validation | Mice lung | Up-regulated RPL6, KDELR3,Tuba1a | Promoted host cell proliferation and production of viral particles | (37) |
| NEAT1 | Up-regulation | Experiment validation | Cast/EIJ and Nzo/HILT mice lung | Up-regulate ISGs, | Sequester some virus mRNAs and promote defense response to virus | (37) | |
| Adapt33 | Up-regulation | Experiment validation | WSB/EIJ mice lung | Promoted Hspa9 and Myc | Enhanced host cell apoptosis and Inhibition of viral replication | (37) | |
| SNHG1 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Reduce CCL2 and induced TGF-β | Reduced immune response and promote virus infection | (44, 49) | |
| SMC2-AS1 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | TGF-β,Wnt | Lung Repair and Regeneration | (49, 101–103 | |
| ROR1-AS1, FTX | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Promoted MAPK, ERBB | Promoted the entry of the virus into the host cell | (49, 104) | |
| Gm26917 | Up-regulation | Bioinformatics prediction | Unknown | Sponged miR-124-3p | Promoted interferon signalling and antiviral-mechanism | (48) |