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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 16.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2020 Feb 11;5(5):499–509. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.01.011

Table 2.

Region-to-Region Functional Connectivity Mediators Between Childhood Trauma and Executive Dysfunction

Hub Node; Functional Network Connecting Region of Interest Coordinates z Score z Score a/b
x y z
R Intraparietal Sulcus; SN 55 −45 50 −3.03/−2.72
aa = −3.45
an = −2.22
R middle occipital cortex 40 −72 14 1.97
L middle occipital cortex −28 −79 19 2.22
R superior occipital cortex 15 −87 37 2.18
R middle occipital cortex 29 −77 25 2.25
R Anterior Insula (1); SN 36 22 3 −2.73/−2.08
aa = −2.78
an = −1.84
R inferior frontal gyrus 43 49 22 2.29
L postcentral gyrus (dorsal)a1 −23 −30 72 2.38
L postcentral gyrus (ventral) −49 −11 35 2.10
R postcentral gyrus (ventral)a2 66 28 25 2.48
R Anterior Insula (2); SN 34 16 −8 −3.23/−2.80
aa = −3.90
an = −2.16
L postcentral gyrus (dorsal)a3 −23 −30 72 2.68
L postcentral gyrus (ventral) −49 −11 35 2.30
R postcentral gyrus (ventral) 51 −6 32 2.30
L postcentral gyrus (ventral)a4 -53 −10 24 2.74
R postcentral gyrus (ventral)a5 66 −8 25 2.74
R middle frontal gyrus 31 33 26 2.52
L Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (1); SN −1 15 44 −3.39/−3.53
aa = −3.57
an = −2.51
R calcarine gyrus 8 −72 11 2.69
L calcarine gyrus −8 −81 7 2.29
R lingual gyrus 20 −66 2 3.08
L lingual gyrus −15 −72 -8 2.84
L calcarine gyrus −18 −68 5 2.52
L cuneus −3 −81 21 2.27
L postcentral gyrus (ventral)a6 −53 −10 24 2.26
R postcentral gyrus (ventral)a7 66 −8 25 2.30
R Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex; SN 5 23 37 −2.65/−3.59
aa = −2.98
an = −1.67
L postcentral gyrus (caudal) −54 −23 43 2.37
R precentral gyrus (dorsal) 29 −17 71 2.15
L postcentral gyrus (dorsal)a8 −23 −30 72 2.65
R postcentral gyrus (ventral)a9 66 −8 25 2.49
R Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex; SN 10 22 27 −1.52/−2.49
aa = −1.84
an = −0.67
R superior temporal gyrus 52 −33 8 2.15
L precentral gyrus (dorsal)a10 −38 −15 69 2.17
R postcentral gyrus (ventral)a11 66 −8 25 3.76
R precentral gyrus (rostral) 42 0 47 2.15
L Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (2); CON −5 18 34 −0.91/−1.39
aa = −0.78
an = −0.65
R calcarine gyrus 8 −72 11 2.43
R middle occipital cortex 37 −84 13 2.14
L postcentral gyrus (ventral)a12 −53 −10 24 2.10
R postcentral gyrus (ventral)a13 66 -8 25 2.37
R precentral gyrus (rostral) 42 0 47 2.08
L Postcentral Gyrus (1) (Dorsal); MOT −23 −30 72 −2.77/−2.82
aa =−2.84
an = −2.22
R anterior insulaa1ʹ 36 22 3 2.38
R anterior insulaa3ʹ 34 16 −8 2.68
R midcingulate cortexa8ʹ 5 23 37 2.65
L superior temporal pole −51 8 −2 2.12
R anterior insula 36 10 1 2.29
L pallidum −15 4 8 2.28
R angular gyrus 52 −59 36 2.12
L Precentral Gyrus (Dorsal); MOT −38 −15 69 −2.72/−3.21
aa = −1.96
an = −2.40
L anterior cingulate cortex 0 30 27 2.42
R anterior cingulate cortexa10ʹ 10 22 27 2.17
R anterior insula 36 10 1 2.07
L supplementary motor area −10 11 67 2.13
L Postcentral Gyrus (2) (Ventral); MOT −53 −10 24 −3.14/−2.87
aa = −3.31
an = −2.12
R anterior insulaa4ʹ 34 16 −8 2.74
L midcingulate cortexa6ʹ −1 15 44 2.26
R anterior insula 49 8 −1 2.32
L anterior cingulate cortexa12ʹ −5 18 34 2.10
R Postcentral Gyrus (Ventral); MOT 66 −8 25 −4.10/−3.11
aa = −4.78
an = −2.79
L anterior insula −35 20 0 2.35
R anterior insulaa2ʹ 36 22 3 2.48
R anterior insulaa5ʹ 34 16 −8 2.74
L midcingulate cortexa7ʹ −1 15 44 2.30
R midcingulate cortexa9ʹ 5 23 37 2.49
R anterior cingulate cortexa11ʹ 10 22 27 3.76
L anterior insula −34 3 4 2.27
L anterior cingulate cortexa13ʹ −5 18 34 2.37
R anterior insula 36 10 1 2.43

Coordinates are in the Montreal Neurological Institute stereotaxic space. z score a/b = z score of paths a/b for median functional connectivity of hub region to its relevant connecting regions of interest; a = direction of the path childhood trauma → median functional connectivity of hub node; aa = path of abuse; an = path of neglect; b = direction of the path median functional connectivity of hub node → executive dysfunction. (1) and (2) indicate distinct mediating hubs in the same cortical region. a# and a#ʹ indicate bidirectional functional connectivity mediators (total of 13). z score of each mediation informs the relative quality of the observed solution vs. 1000 bootstrap permuted data solutions (61).

CON, cingulo-opercular network; MOT, motor network; R/L, right/left hemisphere; SN, salience network.