Table 2.

Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratio for All Causes of Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality (n = 16,686)

	All-Cause Mortality (n = 3366)		CVD Mortality (n = 674)
Models	HR (95% CI)	P-Value*	HR (95% CI)	P-Value*
Unadjusted
Glucosamine/chondroitin
User	0.88 (0.70 to 1.11)	.27	0.51 (0.28 to 0.92)	.03†
Non-user	—		—
Age adjusted
Glucosamine/chondroitin
User	0.61 (0.49 to 0.77)	<.0001§	0.35 (0.20 to 0.61)	.0004§
Non-user	—		—
Age, years
40 to 49	—		—
50 to 59	1.96 (1.55 to 2.48)	<.0001§	1.80 (1.02 to 3.15)	.04†
60 to 69	4.38 (3.73 to 5.15)	<.0001§	4.98 (2.98 to 8.32)	<.0001§
70+	15.29 (13.18 to 17.74)	<.0001§	17.55 (11.54 to 26.69)	<.0001§
Multivariable adjusted
Glucosamine/chondroitin
User	0.73 (0.57 to 0.93)	.01†	0.42 (0.23 to 0.75)	.004‡
Non-user	—		—
Age, years
40 to 49	—		—
50 to 59	2.01 (1.60 to 2.53)	<.0001§	1.90 (1.12 to 3.24)	.02†
60 to 69	4.71 (4.03 to 5.50)	<.0001§	5.49 (3.37 to 8.96)	<.0001§
70+	17.53 (15.18 to 20.25)	<.0001§	20.57 (13.97 to 30.29)	<.0001§
Sex
Male	—		—
Female	0.69 (0.63 to 0.75)	<.0001§	0.51 (0.42 to 0.60)	<.0001§
Race
Non-Hispanic White	—		—
Non-Hispanic Black	1.15 (1.03 to 1.29)	.01†	1.27 (1.0 to 1.60)	.04†
Hispanic	0.87 (0.74 to 1.02)	.08	0.88 (0.60 to 1.28)	.49
Other	0.84 (0.62 to 1.12)	.23	0.94 (0.43 to 2.04)	.87
Education
≥High school	—		—
<High school	1.30 (1.17 to 1.45)	<.0001§		.007‡
Smoking status
Current smoker	1.98 (1.78 to 2.20)	<.0001§	1.61 (1.23 to 2.10)	.0007§
Non-smoker	—		—
Physical activity
≥150 minutes/week	0.64 (0.59 to 0.70)	<.0001§	0.58 (0.46 to 0.73)	<.0001§
<150 minutes/week	—		—

CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^*P-value was estimated from Cox proportional hazards models.

^†P < .05

^‡P < .01

^§P < .001.