Table 3.
Adjusted and unadjusted correlates of client-initiated physical violence against Zambian FSW (N=419)
| Client-Initiated Physical Violence | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | ||||
| 18–20 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 21–25 | 0.78 | 0.48–1.28 | - | - |
| 26–45 | 1.02 | 0.62–1.64 | - | - |
| Education | ||||
| None | 1 | - | - | - |
| Primary | 0.57 | 0.28–1.18 | ||
| Secondary or higher | 0.76 | 0.37–1.57 | - | - |
| Reason for entering sex work | ||||
| Financial | 1 | - | - | - |
| Nothing to do | 0.86 | 0.25–3.00 | - | - |
| Peer pressure | 0.46 | 0.15–1.45 | - | - |
| Other | 1.02 | 0.52–2.05 | - | - |
| Sexual History | ||||
| Age at first sex | ||||
| ≤13 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 14–15 | 1.77 | 0.98–3.19 | - | - |
| 16–19 | 1.48 | 0.84–2.61 | - | - |
| 20+ | 1.29 | 0.55–3.03 | - | - |
| Age at entry into sex work | ||||
| ≤16 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 17–19 | 0.97 | 0.61–1.54 | - | - |
| 20+ | 0.85 | 0.52–1.39 | - | - |
| Number of years in sex work | ||||
| 1–3 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 4–6 | 1.03 | 0.63–1.69 | - | - |
| 7–9 | 1.02 | 0.55–1.87 | ||
| 10+ | 1.03 | 0.59–1.79 | - | - |
| Sexual debut | ||||
| Willingly | 1 | |||
| Pressured verbally | 1.06 | 0.59–1.91 | 0.60 | 0.42–1.66 |
| Forced physically | 2.04 | 1.20–3.46** | 2.69 | 1.43–5.10** |
| Environment | ||||
| City | ||||
| Ndola | 1 | - | - | - |
| Lusaka | 1.42 | 0.94–2.14 | 2.13 | 1.25–3.62** |
| Venue of recruitment (ref=no) | ||||
| Bar/Nightclub | 1.53 | 0.58–4.06 | - | - |
| Street | 1.69 | 1.14–2.52** | 1.65 | 1.03–2.65* |
| Lodge/Hotel | 1.44 | 0.95–2.18 | - | - |
| Where FSW lives | 0.72 | 0.47–1.11 | - | - |
| Venue of sex work (ref=no) | ||||
| Where FSW lives | 1.38 | 0.90–2.12 | - | - |
| Where client lives | 2.51 | 1.68–3.76*** | 2.94 | 1.82–4.74*** |
| Lodge/Hotel | 1.37 | 0.86–2.18 | - | - |
| Car | 1.84 | 1.16–2.91** | - | - |
| Behaviour | ||||
| Ever use alcohol | ||||
| No | 1 | - | - | - |
| Yes | 1.68 | 1.02–2.78* | - | - |
| Number of clients in previous month | ||||
| ≤8 | 1 | - | - | - |
| 9–19 | 1.69 | 0.96–2.68 | 1.87 | 1.07–3.25* |
| 20+ | 1.48 | 0.85–2.56 | 2.38 | 1.27–4.46** |
| Sexual health screening | ||||
| Condom use with clients in previous month | ||||
| Always | 1 | - | - | - |
| Sometimes | 1.33 | 0.80–2.21 | - | - |
| Never | 0.61 | 0.32–1.15 | - | - |
| Syphilis | ||||
| Negative | 1 | - | - | - |
| Positive | 0.63 | 0.31–1.23 | - | - |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | ||||
| Negative | 1 | - | - | - |
| Positive | 0.96 | 0.47–1.98 | - | - |
*
p-value < 0.05,
**
p-value < 0.01,
***
p-value < 0.001
OR: odds ratio; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; Model adjusted for age and education
Ref: reference category, i.e. FSW who respond ‘no’ to questions on specific venues of recruitment and sex work