Table 2.
Estimated regression coefficient with 95% CI obtained from multiple imputation for analysis of child behavioral outcomes on potential structural factors and maternal risks
| Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) |
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| 3-year assessment | 3- & 5-year assessments | |||||||||||
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| Internalizing Composite Score† | Externalizing Composite Score† | Total Scale Score† | Aggressive Behavior Subscale Score†† | |||||||||
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| Estimate | SE | 95% CI | Estimate | SE | 95% CI | Estimate | SE | 95% CI | Estimate | SE | 95% CI | |
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| Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Child gender, Male | 0.7 | 0.5 | (−0.3, 1.7) | 1.9 *** | 0.6 | (0.8, 3.0) | 4.2 *** | 1.5 | (1.4, 7.1) | 1.9 *** | 0.4 | (1.1, 2.7) |
| Not Married or lives with partner | −0.4 | 0.6 | (−1.5, 0.7) | −0.2 | 0.6 | (−1.4, 1.1) | −1.3 | 1.6 | (−4.5, 1.9) | −0.1 | 0.4 | (−0.9, 0.7) |
| Monthly income ≤ 2000 ZAR | −0.7 | 0.6 | (−1.9, 0.5) | −0.5 * | 0.6 | (−1.8, 0.8) | −1.1 | 1.7 | (−4.4, 2.2) | 0.0 | 0.4 | (−0.8, 0.9) |
| Informal housing | 0.4 | 0.6 | (−0.8, 1.6) | 0.5 | 0.7 | (−0.8, 1.8) | 1.6 | 1.7 | (−1.8, 4.9) | 0.8 | 0.5 | (−0.2, −1.7) |
| Food insecurity | 2.0 ** | 0.8 | (0.4, 3.5) | 2.2 *** | 0.6 | (1.0, 3.4) | 7.9 *** | 1.6 | (4.8, 11.0) | 1.7 *** | 0.4 | (0.9, 2.5) |
| Maternal age | ||||||||||||
| 25-34 years | 0.0 | 0.6 | (−1.1, 1.1) | 0.3 | 0.6 | (−0.9, 1.6) | 0.5 | 1.7 | (−2.7, 3.8) | 0.1 | 0.5 | (−0.8, 1.1) |
| 35 years and above | 2.7 *** | 0.9 | (0.8, 4.5) | 2.3 ** | 1.0 | (0.3, 4.4) | 7.2 *** | 2.7 | (2.0, 12.5) | 2.2 *** | 0.8 | (0.8, 3.7) |
| Maternal depressed mood (EPDS >13) | 3.0 *** | 0.7 | (1.7, 4.4) | 2.3 *** | 0.8 | (0.8, 3.8) | 8.9 *** | 2.0 | (5.0, 12.8) | 1.6 ** | 0.5 | (0.6, 2.5) |
| Alcohol use | 0.7 | 0.7 | (−0.7, 2.1) | 1.6 * | 0.8 | (0.0, 3.2) | 3.7 * | 2.1 | (−0.4, 7.8) | 1.5 *** | 0.5 | (0.5, 2.5) |
| Intimate partner violence | 2.3 *** | 0.5 | (1.2, 3.4) | 2.3 *** | 0.8 | (0.6, 4.0) | 7.6 *** | 2.2 | (3.2, 11.9) | 1.6 *** | 0.5 | (0.5, 2.6) |
| Mother living with HIV | −0.6 | 0.6 | (−1.7, 0.6) | 0.6 | 0.6 | (−0.7, 1.8) | −0.1 | 1.7 | (−3.3, 3.2) | 0.2 | 0.5 | (−0.7, 1.1) |
| Intervention | 0.8 | 0.6 | (−0.5, 2.0) | 0.3 | 0.7 | (−1.0. 1.7) | 1.5 | 1.8 | (−2.0, 4.9) | 0.1 | 0.5 | (−0.9, 1.2) |
| Time | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | −1.6 *** | 0.3 | (−2.2, −1.0) |
Note:
*
p<0.1 (Italic font);
**
p<.05 (Bold font);
***
p<.01 (Bold font).
†
Analysis model was a linear mixed-effects model, accounting for repeated-subject measures within neighborhoods using random intercepts for neighborhoods.
††
Analysis model was a linear mixed-effects model, accounting for repeated-subject measures within neighborhoods using random intercepts for neighborhoods and for subjects.