Table 1.
Plasma Proteins Significantly Down-Regulated by Tesamorelin Relative to Placebo
| Protein | Estimate (Log2 fold change) | T-value | Unadjusted P-value | FDR q-value | Classification and Function in Immune Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C-C motif chemokine 3 (CCL3) | -0.38 | -2.71 | .01 | 0.099 | Chemokine; secreted by immune cells including CD8+ T-cells, binds to C-C motif chemokine receptors 1, 4, and 5 to induce immune response [37, 41]. |
| C-C motif chemokine 4 (CCL4) | -0.36 | -2.97 | .005 | 0.07 | Chemokine; secreted most highly by CD8+ T-cells, binds to C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 to induce immune response [37, 41]. |
| C-C motif chemokine 13 (MCP-4) | -0.42 | -2.59 | .01 | 0.0999 | Chemokine; secreted by monocytes to attract additional monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and eosinophils [37, 41]. |
| Interleukin-8 (IL8, CXCL8) | -0.50 | -2.63 | .01 | 0.0999 | Chemokine; secreted most highly by neutrophils to attract additional neutrophils, basophils, and T-cells. Involved in neutrophil activation [37, 41]. |
| Interleukin-10 (IL10) | -0.32 | -2.75 | .009 | 0.099 | Cytokine; secreted primarily by monocytes and, to a lesser degree, T-cells. Has anti-inflammatory effect to limit damage caused by inflammation [37, 41]. |
| Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) | -0.22 | -3.48 | .001 | 0.07 | Cytokine, and growth factor; secreted by multiple cell types and plays fundamental role in proliferation and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages [37, 41]. |
| T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (CD8A) | -0.37 | -2.94 | .005 | 0.07 | T-cell associated; membrane glycoprotein on cytotoxic T-cells [37, 41]. |
| Cytotoxic and regulatory T-cell molecule (CRTAM) | -0.47 | -2.56 | .01 | 0.0999 | T-cell associated; transmembrane receptor expressed on NK cells and CD8+ T-cells upon activation [42] |
| Granzyme A (GZMA) | -0.53 | -2.94 | .005 | 0.07 | T-cell associated; protease in the cytosolic granules of CD8+ T-cells and NK cells [37, 41]. |
| Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor G1 (ADGRG1, GPR56) | -0.54 | -3.05 | .004 | 0.07 | T-cell associated, and G protein-coupled receptor; expressed by cytotoxic NK and T-cells with significant upregulation during peak immune response to stimulus [43]. |
| Arginase-1 (ARG1) | -0.95 | -2.60 | .01 | 0.0999 | Enzyme; expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages in response to inflammatory stimuli and is thought to exert anti-inflammatory effect [37, 41, 44]. |
| Galectin-9 (Gal-9, LGALS9) | -0.26 | -3.37 | .002 | 0.07 | Lectin; produced by myeloid, lymphoid, and endothelial cells and fibroblasts in response to inflammatory stimuli; plays an important immunoregulatory role with largely anti-inflammatory actions [45–47]. |
| Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | -0.30 | -3.04 | .004 | 0.07 | Growth factor; stimulates proliferation of hepatocytes, also widely expressed outside of liver, upregulated in response to inflammatory stimuli; exerts anti-inflammatory function [37, 41, 48], |
Abbreviations: FDR, false discovery rate; NK, natural killer.