Table 6. Fetal venous liver flow according to gestational weight gain categories in the reference and pregestational diabetes mellitus populations (160 and 49 participants, respectively).
| Flow z-score | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GWG category | Reference population | Pregestational diabetes population | |||||
| n | Mean | CI | n | Mean | CI | ||
| Umbilical flow | insufficient | 172 | -0.078 | -0.23–0.08 | 19 | -0.613 | -1.31–0.08 |
| appropriate | 218 | 0.071 | -0.07–0.21 | 63 | 0.440 | 0.06–0.82 | |
| excessive | 164 | 0.017 | -0.14–0.08 | 110 | 0.494 | 0.21–0.78 | |
| p | 0.364 | 0.015 | |||||
| Umbilical flow to liver | insufficient | 171 | -0.068 | -0.22–0.09 | 14 | -1.087 | -1.91–0.26 |
| appropriate | 209 | 0.075 | -0.06–0.21 | 40 | 0.425 | -0.06–0.92 | |
| excessive | 157 | -0.025 | -0.18–0.13 | 69 | 0.608 | 0.24–0.98 | |
| p | 0.367 | 0.001 | |||||
| Ductus venosus flow | insufficient | 172 | 0.071 | -0.08–0.22 | 17 | -0.437 | -1.34–0.47 |
| appropriate | 205 | 0.031 | -0.11–0.17 | 45 | -0.556 | -1.11–0.01 | |
| excessive | 151 | -0.114 | -0.28–0.47 | 76 | -0.133 | -0.56–0.30 | |
| p | 0.229 | 0.474 | |||||
| Ductus venosus fraction | insufficient | 171 | -0.009 | -0.16–0.14 | 14 | 0.272 | -0.55–1.10 |
| appropriate | 200 | 0.061 | -0.20–0.08 | 40 | -0.583 | -1.07 - -0.09 | |
| excessive | 148 | 0.091 | -0.07–0.26 | 69 | -0.484 | -0.86 - -0.11 | |
| p | 0.381 | 0.196 | |||||
| Left portal vein flow velocity | insufficient | 170 | -0.083 | -0.24–0.07 | 24 | 0.683 | 0.19–1.18 |
| appropriate | 210 | 0.053 | -0.08–0.19 | 66 | 0.287 | -0.01–0.59 | |
| excessive | 153 | 0.057 | -0.10–0.22 | 112 | 0.836 | 0.61–1.07 | |
| p | 0.340 | 0.017 | |||||
| Portal vein flow | insufficient | 173 | -0.110 | -0.26–0.04 | 12 | 0.030 | -1.13–1.12 |
| appropriate | 208 | 0.050 | -0.09–0.19 | 31 | 0.587 | -0.13–1.31 | |
| excessive | 158 | 0.132 | -0.02–0.29 | 51 | 0.138 | -0.42–0.70 | |
| p | 0.077 | 0.564 | |||||
| Portal vein fraction | insufficient | 170 | -0.037 | -0.19–0.12 | 10 | 1.002 | -0.08–2.01 |
| appropriate | 193 | -0.046 | -0.19–0.10 | 24 | 0.083 | -0.62–0.78 | |
| excessive | 144 | 0.111 | -0.06–0.28 | 42 | -0.463 | -0.99–0.07 | |
| p | 0.315 | 0.050 | |||||
| Total venous flow to liver | insufficient | 171 | -0.066 | -0.22–0.09 | 10 | -0.887 | -1.84–0.07 |
| appropriate | 193 | 0.053 | -0.09–0.20 | 24 | 0.917 | 0.30–1.53 | |
| excessive | 146 | 0.012 | -0.15–0.18 | 42 | 0.604 | 0.14–1.07 | |
| p | 0.536 | 0.008 | |||||
Fetal flow z-scores according to weekly gestational weight gain (GWG) categories within each population tested by ANOVA; n, total number of observations; Flow (mL/min); Flow velocity, time-averaged maximum velocity (cm/sec); Gestational weight gain (GWG) categories defined by the institute of medicine: insufficient, appropriate or excessive.
UV flow to liver = UV flow- DV flow.
Total venous flow to liver = UV flow to liver + PV flow.
Ductus venosus flow fraction = DV flow/UV flow*100.
Portal vein fraction = PV flow/ Total venous liver flow*100.