Table 1.
Comparison of sociodemographic, personality, app feature, and gamification feature variables between groups.
| Variables | Nontarget group (n=548) | Target group (n=460) | Comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||
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n | Mean (SD) | n | Mean (SD) | F test (df1,df2) | P value | ηp2 | ||||||||||||||||
| Sociodemographic variables |
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Age (years) | 534 | 48.62 (6.06) | 446 | 46.81 (6.09) | 21.67 (1,978) | <.001 | .022 | ||||||||||||||||
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Gender |
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— a | — | ||||||||||||||||
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Female | 294 | — | 305 | — | — |
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Male | 250 | — | 148 | — | — |
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Diverse | 3 | — | 4 | — | — |
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Health behavior index | 525 | 6.64 (1.71) | 435 | 5.06 (1.36) | 246.14 (1,978) | <.001 | .214 | ||||||||||||||||
| Personally defined goals for stress management |
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Active strategies | 548 | −.08 (0.04) | 460 | .09 (1.01) | 8.03 (1,978) | .01 | .008 | ||||||||||||||||
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General competency | 548 | −.26 (0.04) | 460 | .32 (0.87) | 94.16 (1,978) | <.001 | .086 | ||||||||||||||||
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Passive strategies | 548 | −.02 (0.04) | 460 | .03 (1.01) | 0.537 (1,978) | .46 | .001 | ||||||||||||||||
| Personality variables |
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Need for security | 526 | 3.94 (0.83) | 448 | 3.87 (0.83) | 2.18 (1,972) | .14 | .002 | ||||||||||||||||
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Information acquisition | 525 | 3.66 (0.57) | 448 | 3.52 (0.54) | 14.75 (1,971) | <.001 | .015 | ||||||||||||||||
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Need for stimulation | 531 | 3.55 (0.62) | 452 | 3.26 (0.61) | 54.49 (1,971) | <.001 | .053 | ||||||||||||||||
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Information processing | 526 | 4.10 (0.59) | 451 | 4.07 (0.58) | 0.68 (1,975) | .41 | .001 | ||||||||||||||||
| App feature variables |
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Individualization of app content | 543 | 4.27 (1.76) | 456 | 4.59 (1.57) | 8.95 (1,978) | <.001 | .009 | ||||||||||||||||
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Fulfilling common weekly goals and tasks | 541 | 3.78 (1.58) | 455 | 4.05 (1.48) | 7.8 (1,978) | .01 | .008 | ||||||||||||||||
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Connecting the app with wearables | 534 | 3.02 (1.74) | 448 | 3.38 (1.81) | 10.07 (1,978) | <.001 | .010 | ||||||||||||||||
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Increasing knowledge about a healthy lifestyle | 538 | 4.09 (1.62) | 455 | 4.38 (1.44) | 9.06 (1,978) | <.001 | .009 | ||||||||||||||||
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Suggestions for activities with the family | 541 | 3.61 (1.61) | 454 | 3.94 (1.53) | 10.52 (1,978) | <.001 | .010 | ||||||||||||||||
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Diaries for documentation and development of strategies | 540 | 3.45 (1.57) | 452 | 3.80 (1.51) | 12.43 (1,978) | <.001 | .012 | ||||||||||||||||
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Reminders for objectives | 542 | 4.04 (1.58) | 455 | 4.24 (1.47) | 4.55 (1,978) | .03 | .005 | ||||||||||||||||
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Informational or instructional videos | 540 | 4.08 (1.60) | 456 | 4.30 (1.47) | 4.71 (1,978) | .03 | .005 | ||||||||||||||||
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Analog format for children | 548 | 1.72 (0.45) | 460 | 1.68 (0.47) | 2.56 (1,978) | .11 | .003 | ||||||||||||||||
| Gamification feature variables |
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Comparison with others, in a ranking or on a high score list | 544 | 2.26 (1.61) | 454 | 2.26 (1.65) | 0 (1,976) | .98 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
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Controlling and checking my progress | 546 | 4.25 (1.76) | 454 | 4.53 (1.60) | 6.82 (1,998) | .01 | .007 | ||||||||||||||||
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Collecting points for my performance | 545 | 3.60 (1.83) | 455 | 3.79 (1.78) | 2.66 (1,998) | .10 | .003 | ||||||||||||||||
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Collecting shared points with other family members | 541 | 3.50 (1.83) | 453 | 3.59 (1.87) | 0.61 (1,992) | .43 | .001 | ||||||||||||||||
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Receiving awards, recognition, or encouragement | 541 | 3.26 (1.77) | 455 | 3.42 (1.76) | 2.21 (1,994) | .14 | .002 | ||||||||||||||||
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Providing monetary incentives for achieving goals | 536 | 3.52 (1.88) | 453 | 3.74 (1.81) | 3.52 (1,987) | .06 | .004 | ||||||||||||||||
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Linking to the bonus program of the health insurance company | 541 | 4.16 (1.93) | 456 | 4.40 (1.80) | 3.97 (1,995) | .05 | .004 | ||||||||||||||||
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Designing an avatar | 541 | 2.46 (1.64) | 454 | 2.72 (1.77) | 5.69 (1,993) | .02 | .006 | ||||||||||||||||
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Completing tasks under time pressure (eg, a countdown) | 543 | 2.29 (1.50) | 456 | 2.41 (1.58) | 1.59 (1,997) | .21 | .002 | ||||||||||||||||
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Advancing to another level or increasing the level of difficulty | 542 | 3.22 (1.75) | 457 | 3.39 (1.71) | 2.38 (1,997) | .12 | .002 | ||||||||||||||||
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Sharing and comparing my achieved goals with others | 542 | 2.18 (1.47) | 456 | 2.22 (1.50) | 0.22 (1,996) | .64 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
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An accompanying storyline | 541 | 2.65 (1.70) | 454 | 2.73 (1.64) | 0.52 (1,993) | .47 | .001 | ||||||||||||||||
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Receiving auditory, haptic, or visual feedback | 539 | 3.06 (1.73) | 455 | 3.27 (1.69) | 3.9 (1,992) | .05 | .004 | ||||||||||||||||
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Rating other family members | 539 | 2.43 (1.60) | 454 | 2.46 (1.62) | 0.05 (1,991) | .82 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
aData not provided.