Table 1.
General characteristics of the study data set.
| Characteristic | Candidemia events (n=501) | Control (n=2000) | P value | |||||
| Sex, n (%) |
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.32 | |||||
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Male | 297 (59.3) | 1237 (61.9) |
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Female |
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| Age (years), mean (SD) | 59.5 (14.4) | 55.9 (14.9) | <.001 | |||||
| Hospital stay before culture (days), mean (SD) | 23.0 (25.0) | 22.2 (65.4) | .66 | |||||
| Comorbidity, n (%) |
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|||||
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Hepatic disease | 60 (12.0) | 298 (14.9) | .11 | ||||
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Cardiovascular disease | 68 (13.6) | 203 (10.2) | .03 | ||||
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Endocrine disease | 54 (10.8) | 198 (9.9) | .62 | ||||
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Digestive disease | 36 (7.2) | 117 (5.8) | .31 | ||||
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Respiratory disease | 20 (4.0) | 79 (4.0) | >.999 | ||||
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Other disease | 11 (2.2) | 38 (1.9) | .80 | ||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 4.7 (2.3) | 4.2 (2.2) | <.001 | |||||
| Cancer origin site, n (%) |
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Lymphoid or hematopoietic | 231 (46.1) | 1116 (55.8) | <.001 | ||||
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Digestive | 153 (30.5) | 551 (27.6) | .20 | ||||
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Respiratory | 43 (8.6) | 113 (5.7) | .02 | ||||
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Female genital | 23 (4.6) | 49 (2.5) | .02 | ||||
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Other | 38 (7.6) | 122 (6.1) | .27 | ||||
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Multiple primary | 44 (8.8) | 235 (11.8) | .07 | ||||
| Metastatic lymph nodes, mean (SD) | 5.1 (12.2) | 3.5 (9.9) | .007 | |||||
| Medication (days of therapy during 30 days before candidemia), mean (SD) | ||||||||
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Steroid | 8.6 (10.2) | 5.8 (9.0) | <.001 | ||||
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Immunosuppressant | 1.4 (5.7) | 1.6 (5.1) | .43 | ||||
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Total peripheral nutrition | 4.6 (7.8) | 2.5 (5.8) | <.001 | ||||
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Antibiotic use | 16.9 (9.3) | 15.3 (9.8) | .002 | ||||
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Antianaerobic | 10.1 (8.6) | 5.5 (8.2) | <.001 | |||
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Broad spectrum cephalosporine: 3rd generation | 3.5 (4.8) | 2.6 (4.5) | <.001 | |||
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Carbapenem | 4.8 (5.8) | 2.5 (5.4) | <.001 | |||
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Extended spectrum penicillin | 4.8 (5.8) | 2.4 (5.1) | <.001 | |||
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Glycopeptide | 3.8 (5.0) | 1.8 (4.1) | <.001 | |||
| Vitals, mean (SD) |
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Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 118.9 (23.4) | 117.5 (20.8) | .21 | ||||
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Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.5 (14.0) | 68.6 (13.4) | .89 | ||||
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Heart rate (bpm) | 110.1 (21.3) | 103.3 (20.6) | <.001 | ||||
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Respiratory rate (brpm) | 21.1 (5.1) | 20.1 (4.2) | <.001 | ||||
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Body temperature (°C) | 37.2 (1.0) | 37.6 (1.0) | <.001 | ||||
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Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (%) | 96.2 (6.1) | 97.0 (4.2) | .03 | ||||
| Laboratory work-up, mean (SD) |
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Complete blood count |
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White blood cell count, blood (103/µL) | 8.3 (11.2) | 6.8 (18.0) | .02 | |||
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Hemoglobin, blood (g/dL) | 9.4 (1.4) | 9.7 (1.8) | <.001 | |||
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Platelet count, blood (10³/µl) | 90.1 (103.1) | 104.7 (151.0) | .01 | |||
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Segmented neutrophil (%) | 62.3 (35.3) | 54.0 (36.2) | <.001 | |||
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Absolute neutrophil count (10³/µL) | 7.2 (10.3) | 4.9 (7.5) | <.001 | |||
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Absolute lymphocyte count (10³/µL) | 0.5 (0.7) | 0.7 (1.6) | .009 | |||
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Acute phase reactants |
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h) | 41.6 (36.8) | 48.4 (34.3) | .001 | |||
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C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 11.2 (9.0) | 8.6 (7.9) | <.001 | |||
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Procalcitonin, quantitative (ng/mL) | 6.3 (16.3) | 3.9 (14.4) | .07 | |||
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Coagulation |
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Prothrombin time (international normalized ratio) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | <.001 | |||
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Chemistry |
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Total protein (g/dL) | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.8 (1.1) | <.001 | |||
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Albumin (g/dL) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.6) | <.001 | |||
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Globulin (g/dL) | 2.3 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | .001 | |||
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Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 129.1 (64.8) | 138.4 (51.3) | .006 | |||
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Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 5.5 (9.1) | 2.4 (4.7) | <.001 | |||
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Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 183.1 (178.2) | 157.9 (217.1) | .007 | |||
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Glucose fasting (mg/dL) | 158.7 (71.2) | 139.2 (59.2) | <.001 | |||
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Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 34.1 (25.3) | 22.8 (17.4) | <.001 | |||
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Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.0 (1.0) | .01 | |||
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Uric acid (mg/dL) | 3.5 (2.3) | 3.6 (2.4) | .59 | |||
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Calcium (mg/dL) | 8.3 (0.8) | 8.5 (0.8) | <.001 | |||
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Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.1 (1.2) | 3.2 (1.1) | .03 | |||
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Lactic acid (mmol/L) | 2.9 (2.8) | 2.2 (2.3) | <.001 | |||
| Other risk factors, n (%) |
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Candidemia history (within 30 days) | 26 (5.2) | 0 (0.0) | <.001 | ||||
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Candida isolation from nonblood specimen (within 30 days) | 110 (22.0) | 132 (6.6) | <.001 | ||||
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Central line inserted | 223 (44.5) | 854 (42.7) | .50 | ||||
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Major operation (within 30 days) | 78 (15.6) | 219 (10.9) | .005 | ||||