Table 3.

Clinical outcomes of the patients and caregivers.^a

Outcome				Reference group	Child life specialist group	Virtual reality group	P value
Patient outcomes
		Patients (N=55), n (%)		20 (36)	20 (36)	15 (27)	N/Ab
		Child Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale score, mean (SD)
			Patient coping score	0.70 (0.39)	0.90 (0.14)	0.88 (0.19)	.046c
			Patient distress score	0.20 (0.31)	0.10 (0.14)	0.12 (0.19)	.36
		Change in pain and anxiety scores, mean (SD)
			Pain	0.95 (2.35)	–1.20 (4.16)	–0.20 (4.31)	.19
			Anxiety	1.45 (3.32)	–0.10 (1.74)	0.53 (2.77)	.20
		Topical anesthetic used, n (%)		1 (5)	2 (10)	2 (13)	.21
		Cybersickness symptoms in children, n (%)						.37
			Before virtual reality use	N/A	N/A	3 (20)
			After virtual reality use	N/A	N/A	3 (20)
Caregiver outcomes
	Caregivers, n (%)			17 (36)	15 (32)	15 (32)	N/A
	Child Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale score, mean (SD)
			Caregiver coping promoting score	0.57 (0.43)	0.52 (0.48)	0.63 (0.38)	.76
			Caregiver distress promoting score	0.20 (0.31)	0.08 (0.20)	0.24 (0.30)	.28
	Change in pain and anxiety scores, mean (SD)
			Caregiver’s perception of patient’s pain	0.00 (2.52)	–2.47 (3.50)	–1.73 (3.49)	.09
			Caregiver’s perception of patient’s anxiety	1.29 (2.47)	–1.60 (2.64)	–0.53 (3.85)	.03c
			Caregiver’s own anxiety	0.35 (1.32)	–0.73 (2.22)	–0.13 (3.09)	.41

^aChange in pain and anxiety scores ranges from –10 to 10. A negative value signifies reduced pain or anxiety during the procedure.

^bN/A: not applicable.

^cSignificant at P<.05.