Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants.
| Characteristics | Total sample (N=77) | Users (n=24) | Nonusers (n=53) | t (df) | χ2 (df) | P value | |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||||
|
|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 47.69 (9.76) | 42.33 (10.75) | 50.11 (8.30) | –3.46 (75) | N/Aa | .001 |
|
|
Gender (males), n (%) | 41 (53) | 14 (58) | 27 (51) | N/A | 0.4 (1) | .55 |
|
|
Education level (primary), n (%) | 13 (17) | 1 (8) | 12 (23) | N/A | 4.0 (1) | .045 |
| Premorbid adjustment [38], mean (SD) | |||||||
|
|
Childhood | 5.80 (3.79) | 4.96 (2.76) | 6.19 (4.15) | –1.53 (64.49) | N/A | .13 |
|
|
Early adolescence | 7.64 (4.64) | 5.33 (2.76) | 8.71 (4.95) | –3.80 (71.21) | N/A | <.001 |
|
|
Late adolescence | 7.69 (4.90) | 6.57 (3.07) | 8.23 (5.52) | –1.63 (67.33) | N/A | .11 |
| Clinical variables | |||||||
|
|
Diagnosis, n (%) | 48 (62) | 16 (67) | 32 (60) | N/A | 0.3 (1) | .60 |
|
|
Previous suicidal behavior, n (%) | 31 (40) | 9 (37) | 22 (41) | N/A | 0.1 (1) | .74 |
|
|
Duration of illness (<5 years), n (%) | 8 (10) | 2 (8) | 6 (11) | N/A | 0.2 (1) | .69 |
|
|
Previous admissions, mean (SD) | 3.46 (3.99) | 2.96 (2.87) | 3.68 (4) | –0.72 (74) | N/A | .47 |
| Psychopathology (PANSS)b , mean (SD) | |||||||
|
|
Positive | 8.44 (3.67) | 9.17 (3.94) | 8.11 (3.53) | 1.17 (75) | N/A | .25 |
|
|
Negative | 14.91 (5.89) | 14.00 (5.27) | 15.32 (6.16) | 0.50 (75) | N/A | .37 |
|
|
Disorganization | 6.05 (2.61) | 5.50 (2.38) | 6.30 (2.69) | –1.25 (75) | N/A | .21 |
|
|
Mania | 6.25 (1.86) | 6.67 (2.20) | 6.06 (1.67) | 1.34 (75) | N/A | .18 |
|
|
Depression | 6.94 (2.70) | 7.29 (2.77) | 6.77 (2.67) | 0.78 (75) | N/A | .44 |
| Insight (SAI-E)c , mean (SD) | |||||||
|
|
Total insight | 15.55 (2.29) | 15.67 (5.26) | 15.49 (5.35) | 0.13 (75) | N/A | .89 |
|
|
Illness recognition | 5.36 (2.68) | 5.29 (2.77) | 5.40 (2.67) | –0.16 (75) | N/A | .87 |
|
|
Symptoms relabeling | 5.87 (2.81) | 6.21 (2.23) | 5.72 (3.05) | 0.79 (59.61) | N/A | .43 |
|
|
Treatment compliance | 4.31 (1.57) | 4.17 (1.58) | 4.38 (1.58) | –0.54 (75) | N/A | .59 |
| Neurocognition, mean (SD) | |||||||
|
|
Intelligence quotient | 104.61 (11.72) | 105.83 (12.48) | 104.06 (11.44) | 0.61 (75) | N/A | .54 |
|
|
Trail Making Test A [39] | 59.33 (29.50) | 45.38 (12.51) | 65.90 (30.16) | –4.16 (69) | N/A | <.001 |
|
|
Trail Making Test B | 126.25 (56.83) | 102.13 (34.27) | 138.57 (62.20) | –3.18 (63) | N/A | .002 |
|
|
Trail Making Test B–A | 68.91 (43.65) | 56.75 (34.68) | 75.13 (46.70) | –1.70 (63) | N/A | .09 |
| Metacognition | |||||||
|
|
Jumping to conclusions (85:15), n (%) | 42 (56) | 13 (54) | 29 (54) | N/A | 0.1 (1) | .83 |
|
|
BCIS-SRd, mean (SD) | 15.43 (5.11) | 17.18 (3.86) | 14.69 (5.41) | 1.95 (72) | N/A | .06 |
|
|
BCIS-SCe, mean (SD) | 7.67 (3.42) | 7.42 (3.20) | 7.80 (3.55) | –0.44 (71) | N/A | .66 |
|
|
BCIS-CIf, mean (SD) | 7.74 (6.66) | 9.95 (4.789 | 6.73 (7.17) | 1.92 (68) | N/A | .06 |
|
|
Hinting task, mean (SD) | 2.25 (1.33) | 2.08 (1.38) | 2.32 (1.31) | –0.72 (75) | N/A | .47 |
|
|
ERTFg, mean (SD) | 16.86 (2.16) | 16.96 (1.90) | 16.81 (2.28) | 0.27 (75) | N/A | .79 |
aN/A: not applicable.
bPANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia [41].
cSAI-E: Schedule for Assessment of Insight, expanded version [43].
dBCIS-SR: Beck Cognitive Insight Scale-Self-Reflectiveness.
eBCIS-SC: Beck Cognitive Insight Scale-Self-Certainty.
fBCIS-CI: Beck Cognitive Insight Scale-Cognitive Insight.
gERTF: Emotions Recognition Test Faces [49].