Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of patients in the nested case-control study
| Case patients (n=298) | Controls (n=1181) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59·8 (45·5–68·8) | 59·9 (45·4–69·1) | |
| Male | 158 (53%) | 627 (53%) | |
| Female | 140 (47%) | 554 (47%) | |
| Admission setting | |||
| Inpatient | 112 (38%) | 447 (38%) | |
| Emergency room | 186 (62%) | 734 (62%) | |
| Smoker | 2 (1%) | 10 (1%) | |
| Pre-existing comorbidities* | |||
| Diabetes | 58 (20%) | 198 (17%) | |
| Hypertension | 84 (28%) | 337 (29%) | |
| Asthma | 7 (2%) | 26 (2%) | |
| Neoplasms | 14 (5%) | 151 (13%) | |
| Acute respiratory infections | 1 (<1%) | 14 (1%) | |
| Viral infections | 4 (1%) | 2 (<1%) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1 (<1%) | 5 (<1%) | |
| Head trauma | 0 | 0 | |
| Stroke | 18 (6%) | 69 (6%) | |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | 0 | 0 | |
| Migraine | 2 (1%) | 7 (1%) | |
| Medication use within 90 days | |||
| Antiviral drugs | 13 (4%) | 40 (3%) | |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 19 (6%) | 48 (4%) | |
| Antibacterial drugs | 21 (7%) | 156 (13%) | |
| Immunosuppressants | 1 (<1%) | 24 (2%) | |
| Statins | 79 (27%) | 315 (27%) | |
| Isoniazid | 0 | 3 (<1%) | |
Data are median (IQR) or n (%).
*
For pre-existing comorbidities, diagnosis within 90 days before index date were considered for acute respiratory infections and viral infections, and diagnosis before index date were considered for other diseases.