Table 3.
Factors associated with higher costs of health service use and use of leisure activities/social participation due to stigma and discrimination generalised linear modela
| Variable | Cost of health service use (unadjusted) GLM estimates | Cost of health service use (adjusted) GLM estimates | Cost of leisure activities/social participation (unadjusted) GLM estimates | Cost of foregone leisure activities/social participation (adjusted) GLM estimates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1.08 (0.88, 1.83) | 1.12 (0.90, 1.39) | ***0.82 (0.81, 0.83) | ***0.76 (0.75, 0.77) |
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–35 | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.38) | ***1.65 (1.62, 1.68) | **1.90 (1.86, 1.93) |
| 36–50 | 0.79 (0.63, 1.00) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.05) | *0.97 (0.95, 0.98) | 1.19 (1.16, 1.21) |
| 51–65 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 0.83 (0.65, 1.07) | *0.77 (0.59, 0.99) | ***0.50 (0.49, 0.51) | ***0.51 (0.50, 0.52) |
| non-White | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| University education | ||||
| Yes | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.29) | **1.11 (1.09, 1.13) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | 0.86 (0.67, 1.09) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.04) | ***2.02 (1.99, 2.5) | **1.83 (1.80, 1.86) |
| Not employed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary diagnosis | ||||
| Other disorder | *1.39 (1.01, 1.89) | 1.31 (0.92, 1.86) | ***1.39 (1.35, 1.43) | ***1.38 (1.34, 1.42) |
| Bipolar disorder | 1.16 (0.86, 1.55) | 1.21 (0.87, 1.67) | ***2.12 (2.08, 2.16) | ***1.70 (1.65, 1.73) |
| Depression and/or anxiety | 1.30 (0.99, 1.72) | 1.34 (0.99, 1.82) | ***1.63 (1.58, 1.67) | ***1.48 (1.45, 1.52) |
| Personality disorder | 1.40 (0.85, 2.32) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.10) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | ***0.71 (0.68, 0.74) |
| Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Received involuntary treatment | ||||
| Yes | *0.74 (0.58, 0.93) | *1.35 (1.03, 1.76) | **1.07 (1.05, 1.09) | ***1.33 (1.30, 1.35) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Experienced discrimination in healthcare | ||||
| Yes | ***1.69 (1.38, 2.07) | ***1.73 (1.39, 2.17) | ***0.90 (0.89, 0.91) | ***0.83 (0.81, 0.84) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Experienced discrimination in community | ||||
| Yes | *1.27 (1.03, 1.56) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.48) | **0.94 (0.93, 0.96) | ***1.15 (1.13, 1.17) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Experienced discrimination in relationships | ||||
| Yes | 1.09 (0.84, 1.41) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.08) | **0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | ***0.89 (0.87, 0.91) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
aThe model also controlled for dataset (i.e., MIRIAD v. Viewpoint).