Fig. 3.

Adjusted proportion of all hypertensive participants (Left Panel) and participants on antihypertensive medication (Right Panel) with controlled hypertension at the age group for a given Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis follow-up exam. Hypertension was defined as use of blood pressure lowering medications and/or a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 or a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg. Controlled hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. Proportion of hypertension control is determined using linear mixed effects models for the binomial family and then marginal effects. Models account for the clustering within sites and the intra-individual correlation and adjusts for race/ethnicity, follow-up time, educational attainment, and time-varying covariates for smoking and alcohol use, diabetes status, body mass index, and incident cardiovascular disease.