Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the presence of Parkinson’s disease.
| Characteristics | Without periodontitis | With periodontitis | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5,922,621 | 903,063 | |
| Age (years) | 54.21 ± 10.54 | 55.47 ± 9.97 | < 0.0001 |
| Sex | < 0.0001 | ||
| Male | 2,941,386 (49.66) | 485,941 (53.81) | |
| Female | 2,981,235 (50.34) | 417,122 (46.19) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.96 ± 3.03 | 24.08 ± 2.96 | < 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.14 ± 8.58 | 81.85 ± 8.47 | < 0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 124.23 ± 15.46 | 124.2 ± 15.16 | 0.0547 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 77.2 ± 10.17 | 77.09 ± 10.01 | < 0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/dL) | 99.71 ± 24.66 | 101.27 ± 26.33 | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/dL) | 199.09 ± 36.97 | 199.04 ± 37.2 | 0.253 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase (IU/L) | 24 (16–40) | 25 (17–42) | < 0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/dL) | 114 (80–168) | 117 (82–171) | < 0.0001 |
| Current smoker | 1,236,162 (20.87) | 192,985 (21.37) | < 0.0001 |
| Heavy drinker | 369,309 (6.24) | 56,683 (6.28) | 0.1318 |
| Regular exercise | 2,930,465 (49.48) | 467,168 (51.73) | < 0.0001 |
| Low income (lowest 20%) | 1,313,890 (22.18) | 188,015 (20.82) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 673,345 (11.37) | 126,492 (14.01) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 1,981,598 (33.46) | 323,187 (35.79) | < 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1,350,485 (22.8) | 229,034 (25.36) | < 0.0001 |
| Stroke | 131,482 (2.22) | 25,376 (2.81) | < 0.0001 |
| Depression | 242,827 (4.1) | 46,146 (5.11) | < 0.0001 |
The data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables or the number (percentage) for categorical variables.