Table 1.

Predictors for level of sleep disturbance examined by univariate and stepwise multivariate linear regression (N = 381).

Predictors			Univariate regression				Stepwise multivariate regression
	Mean	SD	β	t	95% CI	p	β	t	95% CI	p
Age (years)	50.43	11.34	−0.09	− 1.72	− 0.04, 0.002	0.086	–	–	–	–
Education level (years)	12.02	3.20	0.09	1.71	− 0.01, 0.14	0.088	–	–	–	–
Social distance	9.31	4.13	0.11	2.17	0.01, 0.12	0.031	− 0.05	− 1.01	–	0.316a
Social anxiety	3.48	1.75	0.36	7.50	0.35, 0.59	< 0.001	0.30	6.17	0.27, 0.52	< 0.001
Social information	4.24	1.90	0.18	3.49	0.09, 0.33	0.001	− 0.04	− 0.74	–	0.435a
Social adaptation	4.37	2.23	0.14	2.73	0.04, 0.25	0.007	− 0.04	− 0.84	–	0.403a

	n	%	β	t	95% CI	p	β	t	95% CI	p
Sex
Male	232	60.9	Ref	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	–
Female	149	39.1	0.16	3.06	0.26, 1.19	0.002	0.07	1.42	–	0.155a
Occupational status
Employment	48	12.6	Ref	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Unemployment	333	87.4	− 0.02	− 0.46	− 0.86, 0.53	0.649	–	–	–	–
Marital status
Without partner	342	89.8	Ref	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
With partner	39	10.2	− 0.06	− 1.20	− 1.22, 0.30	0.231	–	–	–	–
Religion
Not religious	104	27.3	Ref	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	–
Religious	277	72.7	0.11	2.22	0.07, 1.09	0.027	0.05	0.93	−	0.353a
Psychological trauma
No	206	54.1	Ref	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	–
Yes	175	45.9	0.20	3.87	0.44, 1.35	< 0.001	0.11	2.20	0.05, 0.94	0.028
Smoking
No	294	77.2	Ref	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	–
Yes	87	22.8	− 0.144	− 2.83	− 1.32, − 0.24	0.005	− 0.12	− 2.50	− 1.15, − 0.14	0.013
Drinking (≥ 3 times per week)
No	366	96.1	Ref	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Yes	15	3.9	− 0.0005	− 0.01	− 1.19, − 1.18	0.993	–	–	–	–
Exercise (≥ 3 days per week)
No	129	33.9	Ref	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Yes	252	66.1	− 0.01	− 0.25	− 0.55, 0.42	0.801	–	–	–	–
Regular diets (≥ 5 days per week)
No	38	10.0	Ref	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Yes	343	90.0	0.002	0.04	− 0.75, 0.78	0.968	–	–	–	–
Chronic disease (medical)
No	217	57.0	Ref	–	–	–	Ref	–	–	–
Yes	164	43.0	0.18	3.58	0.38, 1.29	< 0.001	0.12	2.55	0.13, 0.998	0.011

β: standardized coefficients; t: T score; CI: Confidence interval; SD: Standard deviation; Bolds: p < 0.005; ^a: excluded from stepwise regression.