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Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Official Organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology logoLink to Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Official Organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology
. 2021 Jan 19;45(3):664–672. doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01344-z

Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. (Camallanidae), a new species of nematode from Heteropneustes fossilis collected from Assam, India

K Lebanan 1, N Mohilal 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8368152  PMID: 34475647

Abstract

During the study fishes of the species Channa striatus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Anabas testudineus, Channa punctata were collected and examined for ecto as well as endoparasites. However, a new species of parasitic nematode of the genus Camallanus Railliet and Henry (Rev Parasitol 39:117–129, 1915) is described only from intestinal region of Siluriformes fish Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch (1794). Buccal capsule of the new species is slightly longer than width marked internally by 9–10 beaded longitudinal ridges in lateral view, 1–2 dorsal and ventral ridges incomplete that differs from other related species. It also differs on the basis of body measurements, maximum width/length ratio of buccal capsule, number and length of spicule, tridents nature, number and arrangement of caudal papillae in the posterior end. Due to differences in many aspects from the related congeners, the present species is proposed as new to the science. The present study deals with the morphological and morphometric description of Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. from Assam, India.

Keywords: Nematode, Camallanus, Siluriformes, Heteropneustes fossilis, Trident, Spicule

Introduction

India known for its vast fish resources occupy the second position in Inland fish production and third in overall fish production in the world. The state of Assam with a high resource in fishery has a great diversification of Ichthyofauna and the beels producing 50,000 tons of fishes per year (Dutta and Lahon 1987). Many workers studied the fish fauna, hydrobiology and productivity of rivers and beels of Kamrup and Guwahati Districts of Assam (Dey 1981; Das and Bordoloi 1997). Considerable work has been done on the systematics of helminth parasites of fishes by many Indian workers. Bhalerao (1942) and Gupta (1962) made substantial work on the taxonomy of digenetic trematode parasites. Soota (1983) studied on the fish nematodes of Indian region.

For north east India also the limnology and Ichthyofauna have been studied by many workers (Kar 2005, 2010).

Binky et al. (2011) studied the diversity of helminth parasites in fishes of Karbala wetland in Cachar district of Assam. Romen and Kar (2014) studied the abundance and distribution of helminth parasites in the fishes of Sone beel, the biggest wetland of Assam. Das and Goswami (2014) studied on the helminth infection in Anabas testudineus of three wetlands of Goalpara, Assam. Singha et al. (2015) made observation on the parasitic infection of three freshwater fishes in Dolu lake, Silchar, Assam.

Camallanidae Raillet and Henry (1915) enjoys an extensive geographical distribution and is composed of three sub families: Camallaninae Railliet and Henry (1915), Procamallaninae Yeh (1960) and Paracamallaninae Stromberg and Crites (1975), which are represented by species that occur mainly in fish, some amphibians and in reptiles (Stromberg and Crites 1975; Yamaguti 1958, 1961).

Materials and methods

During Jan–Dec, 2018, fishes were collected from ponds and ditches and local fisherman of Sonai Cachar, Assam (India). During the study, fishes of the species Channa striatus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Anabas testudineus, Channa punctata were collected and dissected for parasites. Fish samples were taken in live conditions took the total length and weight of the specimen, killed and examined immediately for parasitological study. In the present study, body cavity, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, intestines of the fishes were examined for the presence of internal parasites. Nematodes were collected from intestine using a “wash” method (Justine et al. 2012). The recovered nematodes were fixed in warm AFA, preserved in GA (5% glycerin in 70% ethanol) until the nematodes were completely dehydrated. After dehydration the nematodes were cleaned and mounted in pure glycerin for light microscopic examination and identified generically according to Yeh (1960), Soota (1983) and Yamaguti (1961). Measurements are expressed in micrometers (µm) unless otherwise indicated. The measures and standard deviation (SD) are shown in Table 1 (SD in parentheses). Measurements and photomicrographs were prepared by using a camera mounted microscope Nikon Eclipse E200. Parasite specimens (Holotype and Paratypes) were deposited in the Parasitology section, Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur. These are accessible to other researchers on request. Prevalence, Abundance and Mean density, Index of infection were determined according to Margolis et al. (1982).

Table 1.

Measurement of Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. (Holotype and Paratypes)

Characters Holotype Paratype Min.–Max. (X ± SD)
Total length of body (mm) 5.45 3.19–5.52(4.84 ± 0.96)
Width of body (µm) 151.56 151.56–158.97(154.30 ± 4.07)
Length of buccal capsule (µm)a 88.55 88.55–101.33(94.15 ± 6.53)
Width of buccal capsule (µm) 90.08 90.08–102.34(96.0 ± 6.14)
Length of tridents (µm)
 Middle 41.77 41.77–55.58(45.32 ± 25.87)
 Dorsal and ventral 39.69 39.69–46.75(43.11 ± 3.54)
Basal ring length (µm) 52.83 52.83–76.40(68.28 ± 13.38)
Basal ring width (µm) 14.51 14.51–16.97(15.91 ± 1.27)
Length of muscular esophagus (µm)a 394.73 394.73–426.05(413.48 ± 16.55)
Width of muscular esophagus (µm) 81.96 81.96–93.36(88.52 ± 5.87)
Length of glandular esophagus (µm)a 491.98 473.58–491.98(482.93 ± 9.20)
Width of glandular esophagus (µm) 72.66 70.07–75.25(72.66 ± 2.59)
Nerve ring (µm)a 175.84 170.03–193.62(179.83 ± 12.29)
Excretory pore (µm)a 206.88 189.13–213.84(203.28 ± 12.74)
Spicule length (µm) 545.69 489.64–752.74(596.02 ± 138.58)
Length of caudal alae (µm)b 351.35 351.35–419.64(375.01 ± 38.67)
Tail length (µm)b 89.32 87.59–102.51(93.14 ± 8.17)
Length of mucrons (µm)b 4.43 4.43–5.52(4.84 ± 0.59)
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X mean, SD = standard deviation

aDistance of the structure from anterior extremity

bDistance of the structure up to posterior extremity

Results and discussion

Twenty-one middle size Heteropneustes fossilis were examined during the study and 3 were found infected with specimens of Camallanus sp. (14.28% Prevalence). All specimens were recovered from the intestine of the fish.

Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. (Figs. 1 and 2)

  • Type host: Heteropneustes fossilis, Bloch (Siluriformes: Heteropneutidae).

  • Site of infection: Intestine.

  • Type locality: Sonai, Cachar, Assam (24° 73′ North latitude, 92° 89′ East longitude), India.

  • Type specimen: Holotype on slide MUPS-NP1 (Table 1).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. (Male specimens): a, f anterior end of gravid male, lateral and dorso-ventral view; b, c buccal capsule lateral view(enlarged); d structure of trident (dorso-ventral view of buccal capsule); e anterior end in lateral view with sclerotized projections in anterior margin of buccal capsule; g posterior end in lateral view showing single spicule everted out from cloacal opening; h single spicule and bifid tail tip; i, j posterior end showing distributions of caudal papillae. Scale bars: a 0.2 mm; b–e 30 µm; f–j 100 µm. Abbr.: tr—trident, nr—nerve ring, c al—caudal alae and sp—spicule

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. (Camera lucida drawing of male specimen). a, b anterior end in lateral view, c anterior end in dorso-ventral view showing trident, d postetior end showing distributions of caudal papillae, single spicule and bifid tail tip, and e spicule. Scale bars: a–e: 0.1 mm

  • Etymology: The specific name of this species relates to the location i.e. Sonai.

Description: Nematoda: Spirurida: Camallanidae. (Measurements based on 13 male specimens).

Slender worms with rounded anterior and tapering posterior extremities. Body with finely transversely striated cuticle and large orange-brown buccal capsule typical of genus (Fig. 1a). Apical oral opening narrow, slit shaped with beaded longitudinal ridges in each valves of buccal capsule. Buccal capsule slightly longer than width marked internally by 9–10 beaded longitudinal ridges in lateral view, 1–2 dorsal and ventral ridges incomplete (Fig. 1b). Valves of capsule roughly pentagonal in lateral view with two elliptical to bean shaped (Fig. 2b), sclerotized thickenings on anterior border extending posteriorly from anterior margin of buccal capsule approximately 1/3rd to 1/4th of buccal capsule (Fig. 1e). Maximum width/length ratio of buccal capsule1:1.1–1.12. Lateral amphids not observed but a pair of cervical papillae (anterior dierids) present, located in the anterior portion of oesophagus near the nerve ring slightly opposite to each other (Fig. 1f). Strong and thick basal ring present at junction of valves and eosophagus. Pair of tridents, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral, consisting of 3 posteriorly directed prongs extending beyond basal ring from base of buccal capsule present. Prongs of trident unequal, middle prong broader and longer than the dorsal and ventral prongs (Fig. 1d). Oesophagus divided into two; anterior muscular expanded posteriorly (Claviform) and long, slender posterior glandular portion (Fig. 1a). Glandular oesophagus 1.23–1.31 times longer than the muscular oesophagus. Glandular oesophagus projecting slightly into intestine in valvelike formation. Length of oesophagus and buccal capsule representing 18–19.2% of whole body length. Intestine brown, long and narrow. Nerve ring encircles the mid region of muscular oesophagus and excretory pore situated posterior to nerve ring. Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. is also characterized by the presence of single spicule, relatively slender, rounded and broader at anterior end and pointed posteriorly, tail small, tapering to bifid spiny tips(dorsal and ventral) (Fig. 1h), pedunculated caudal papillae 10–11 pairs(Fig. 1i, j). Spicule and total body length ratio 1:7.9–9.01. Pre-anal papillae 5–6 pairs of sub ventral pedunculated, of which the last two pairs are closer to each other than the remaining other pairs; 2 pairs of small, transversely elongate ventral papillae surrounding cloacal opening and 3 pairs of post-anal papillae closer to each other present (Fig. 1f); additionally 2 sessile papillae found near the tip of tail. Gubernaculum absent and caudal alae starts posteriorly to the mid region of spicule extending towards the tip of tail (Fig. 1j).

It is also observed from the study (Table 2) that female host fishes were more parasitized by the Camallanus species with 16.66% prevalence, mean intensity of 4.5, 0.44 abundance and 1.5 index of infection. However, male shows lesser values with 11.11% prevalence, abundance of 0.44, mean intensity of 4 and 0.44 index of infection. Overall rate of prevalence, mean intensity, abundance and index of infection were observed to be 14.28%, 4.3, 0.62 and 1.86 respectively.

Table 2.

Occurence of Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. in relation to sex of Heteropneustes fossilis from Assam, India

Sex Non-infected Infected Total no. examined Prevalence % Total parasite recovered Mean intensity Abundance Index of infection
Male 8 1 9 11.11 4 4 0.44 0.44
Female 10 2 12 16.66 9 4.5 0.75 1.5
Total 18 3 21 14.28 13 4.3 0.62 1.86
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Differential Dignosis: Railliet and Henry (1915) described the genus Camallanus to accommodate the nematodes from fishes. According to Yeh (1960), Camallanus has buccal valves of three that has ridges types—dorsal, median and ventral, different from species of Serpinema which present a gap between groups of dorsal and ventral ridges. The present study has found that 16 (Table 3) species of Camallanus strongly resembles the present specimen, Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. on the presence of single spicule, however, they all have specific characters with them which differentiated the new nematode such as the number of longitudinal ridges, position of dierids, structure and number of spicule and also in the structure of posterior end and bifid tail region of the new Camallanus species.

Table 3.

Comparative table of the Camallanus species found all over the world including India

Parasite species Fish host/localities Site of infection Longitudinal ridges Tridents (on both♂&♀) Excretory pore ♂&♀ Tail tips ♂&♀ Caudal papillae Vulva ♀ Spicule ♂
Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. (Present species) Heteropneustes fossilis Assam, India Intestine 9–10 Present unequal Pre-equatorial Bifid 5 − 6 + 2 + 3 = 10–11 Unknown Single Simple
Camallanus ceylonensis Fernando and Furtado (1963) Wallago attu, Sri Lanka Intestine 8 Present unknown Bifid 0 + 0 + 3 = 3 Unknown 1:1.5 (double)
C. vachaii Wahid and Praveen (1969) Eutropiichthys Vacha, Sind Pakistan Intestine 20–22 Not known Unknown – 7 + 0 + 5 = 12 Pre-equatorial 1:4.82
C. adamsi Bashirullah (1974) Channa striatus, Bangladesh Intestine 19–20 Absent or present Pre-equatorial – 5 + 2 + 5 = 12 Pre-equatorial 1:1.62–2.84
C. fernandoi Yeh (1960) (based on female only) Channa punctatus, Sri Lanka Intestine 9 Absent Unknown – Unknown Post-equatorial Unknown
C. atridentatus Khera (1954) Channa punctatus, Saharanpur, India Intestine 20 Absent Pre-equatorial – 5 + 2 + 3 = 10 Pre-equatorial Single right 0.07–0.156
C. gomti Gupta and Verma (1978) Channa punctatus Lucknow, India Intestine 20 Absent Pre-equatorial – 6 + 2 + 5 = 13 Pre-equatorial 1:4.72–5.0
C. kumaoni Arya (1978) Chrossocheilus latiuslatius, Nainital India Intestine 18–19 Absent Pre-equatorial – 6 + 0 + 5 = 11 Pre-equatorial 0.16–0.17 single left
C. nandai Gupta and Verma (1978) Nadusnadus, India Intestine 9 Present Pre-equatorial A pair and a spinous processes 5 + 0 + 5 = 10 Pre-equatorial 0.053 single left
C. testudineusi Gupta and Verma (1978) Anabas testudineus Lucknow, india Intestine 9 Present Pre-equatorial A pair and three spinous processes 6 + 0 + 8 = 14 Post-equatorial 1:2.48–3.38
C. mastacembeli Agrawal (1967) Mastacembelus armatus India Intestine 9 Present Pre-equatorial Tapering 9 + 1 + 3 = 14 Pre-equatorial 0.076–0.336 single left
C. sweeti Moorthy (1937) Channa striatus Mysore, India Intestine 9 Present Unknown Pre-equatorial Three mucrons 4 + 2 + 7 = 13–15 Post-equatorial 1:1.75–2.1
C. unispiculus Khera (1954) Mastacembelus armatus India Intestine 9 Present Unknown – 14 + 0 + 2 = 16 Post-equatorial 0.63 single left
C. anabantis Pearse (1933) Anabas testudineus Thailand Intestine 9 Present Unknown Bifid 4 + 2 + 5 = 11 Pre-equatorial 1:9.4–10.93
C. magna Khan and Yaseen (1969) Mastacembelus armatus, Khulna Intestine 9 Present Not known Three spines 6 + 0 + 6 = 12 Equatorial 0.45and0.13
C. boomkeri Kakar et al. (2013) Channa orientalis, Bolochistan Swim bladder 9 Present Pre-equatorial Bifid in both 7 + 1 + 4 = 12 Post-equatorial 1:1.88
C. jijuensis Fang and Luo (2007) Tridentiger barbatus Intestine 18 Present Pre-equatorial Blunt 7 + 0 + 5 = 12 Post-equatorial 1:1.08
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Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. strongly resembles C. fernandoi, C. kulasirii, C. nandai, C. testudineusi, C. mastacembeli, C. sweeti, C. unispiculus, C. therapus, C. ananbantis, C. patani, C. magna, in the presence of 9 longitudinal ridges in each valve of buccal capsule.

However, C. fernandoi and C. kulasirii differ from the new nematode in lacking tridents; also the remaining species differs in their distribution of preanal, adanal and post anal papillae in the posterior ends.

The new species strongly differs from C. intestinalus Bashirullah (1974), C. fernandoi Yeh (1960), C. salmonae Chakravarthy (1942), C. atridentus Khera (1954), C. cancilai Gupta and Verma (1978), C. gomtii Gupta and Verma (1978), C. kumaoni Arya (1978), C. satyapali Arya and Nama (1993), C. lucknowensis Gupta and Bakshi (1980), C. polypteri Kabre and Petter (1997), C. charsaddiensis Siddiqi and Khattak (1984), C. kularisii Yeh (1960), C. adamsi Bashirullah (1974) in having distinct tridents with three prongs. It is also observed in the present study that 14 species of the genus compared herein lacks tridents. They also differentiated from the new nematode in other morphometric measurements. Camallanus sonaiensis sp.n. may be distinguished from the following Camallanus species in having increase number of longitudinal ridges in each valve: C. charsaddiensis, C. vachaii, C. adamsi, C. salmonae, C. kumaoni, C. intestinalis, and C. satyapali. Also, C. cancilai differs from the new Camallanus species in the longitudinal ridges. In contrast Camallanus sonaiensis sp. n resembles C. kulasiri, C. equispiculus, C. anabantis, C. nandai, C. chorenemi, C. surmai in having bifid tail tip and also C. equispiculus, C. chorenemi, C. surmai in having 9 longitudinal ridges in each valve of buccal capsule. However, C. kulasiri, C. equispiculus, C. anabantis can be differentiated from the new species in the presence of single spicule in the new species. Others also differ in the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (C. nandai-10, C. chorenemi-19–25, C. surmai-8). Other than the presence of a pair of spicule and difference in the number of caudal papillae, they also differ from the new nematode in their morphometric dimensions, the appearance of the trident structure and muscular and glandular oesophagus length ratio.

The new nematode may also be distinguished from C. equispiculus Sood (1989) in having buccal valves with 9–10 beaded ridges instead of 11–13 smooth, non-spiny longitudinal ridges as in the later. Further, the new species differs from C. equispiculus in the distribution of papillae in caudal end of male specimens (5 − 6 + 2 + 3 = 10–11) in new species but 5 + 0 + 6 = 11 in C. equispiculus.

Kakar et al. (2013) described C. boomkeri from Channa orientalis; Fang and Luo (2007) described C. jijuensis from Tridentiger barbatus. The presence of bifid tail ends and 9 longitudianl ridges in each valve of buccal capsule of C. boomkeri shows similarities with the new species but the presence of 12 caudal papillae in it differentiates from the new Camallanus species. Also C. jijuensis shows differentiation in the arrangement of 12 caudal papillae i.e. 7 preanal and 5 postanal papillae in C. jijuensis instead of 5–6 preanal, 2 adanal and 3 postanal papillae in C. sonaiensis sp.n. Adanal papillae not observed close to or around the cloacal opening of C. jijuensis. This clearly indicates the present specimen represents another species. C. sonaiensis sp.n. can be distinguished from C. chorinemi and C. surmai by the lack of bifurcated spicule tip.

The new species also differs from C. chorinemi, Rasheed (1970) and C. penkotai Srivastava and Gupta (1975) in the presence of tridents with prongs of equal length instead of unequal prong lengths and the presence of increased number of buccal capsule ridges than the new species.

Also C. penkotai differs mainly in the arrangement of caudal papillae in the posterior male ends (7 + 0 + 5 − 6). So it is obvious that C. sonaiensis is a new species.

Based on the unequal trident prongs, number of caudal papillae and presence of pre- equatorial nerve ring in C. dollfusi; the number of longitudinal ridges and caudal papillae in C. trichiuris, C. ancyclodirus, C. oxycephalus; the presence of 9 longitudinal ridges, bifid tail ends and on the presence of 2 adanal papillae in C. anabantis resembles the present C. sonaiensis sp. n. However, they all differs from the present specimen in having different morphometric measurements, number and position of dierids, nature of tridents, distribution of caudal papillae and the type and length ratio of spicule(Table 3).

Moreover, the new nematodes also distinct from C. sweeti, C. equispiculus, C. testudineusi, C. magna, in that these had three spinous process at tail tips and the presence of a pair of spicule in males (The studied specimens can be differentiated from C. atridentus, C. unispiculus, C. nandai, and C. testudineusi in the absence of caudal alae and also from C. adamsi and C. intestinalus in having poorly developed caudal allae. C. testudineusi also differs by the presence of a pair of spicule from the present species. In contrast C. atridentus and C. nandai shows similarity with the new nematode in the number of caudal papillae. The presence of unstriated cuticle in C. patani, C. theparus and C. ophicephali mainly differentiate from the new specimen that possesses finely transverse cuticular striations.

Further, C. theparus Sahay and Narayan (1968) and C. adamsi Bashirullah reported the species without cervical papillae, two spicule of varying length; these vary them from the present specimens. Buccal capsule of C. ophicephali has oval thickenings, C. sweeti with quadrilateral chitinous plate, C. trichiuris with liplike structure and C. kumaoni with triangular chitinous projections. They all differ from C. sonaiensis sp.n. that possess elliptical to bean shaped chitinous projection facing outward (opposite to one another) in the anterior margin of buccal capsule (Fig. 2b).

Finally, by the differences in the compared specimens and with all the congeners given in Table 3 concerning the differences in buccal capsule, tridents nature, spicule type and length, excretory pore, nerve ring, position of cervical papilla, muscular and glandular oesophagus length ratio, number and arrangement of caudal papillae, caudal alae length in males and several characteristics given in Table 1, the authors suggest that there is a new species of genus Camallanus in Sonai, Cachar, Assam.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledged Rita and Nandi, resident of Binnakandi, Cachar for their support during collection of fishes from different places of Barak Valley, Assam. The authors also obliged to Head of Department, Department of Zoology, Manipur University for providing necessary laboratory facilities. Also we would like to thank UGC for giving fellowship to the first author.

Author contributions

LK: Sampling, data collection, analysis and drafting the manuscript. NM: Providing creative ideas and design of studies. Also, thorough revision of manuscript in order to provide only the important intellectual content.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this article.

Ethical approval

The procedures performed during the study were in accordance with the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Manipur University.

Footnotes

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Contributor Information

K. Lebanan, Email: lebanankeisham@gmail.com

N. Mohilal, Email: nmohilal@manipuruniv.ac.in

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