Table 3.
GEE negative binomial regression analysis to identify risk and protective factors associated with the number of convicted offences (measured annually) among Vancouver At Home participants during the five years preceding study baseline (n = 425).
| Variable | Unadjusted RR | P value | Adjusted RR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| Age (per year) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.005 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.015 |
| Time (per year) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 0.001 | 1.18 (1.08, 1.28) | < 0.001 |
| Man | 1.66 (1.10, 2.50) | 0.015 | 1.49 (1.00, 2.20) | 0.047 |
| Indigenous | 2.07 (1.37, 3.13) | 0.001 | 1.36 (0.89, 2.09) | 0.159 |
| White | 0.84 (0.59, 1.21) | 0.349 | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | 0.919 |
| Education (less than high school) | 1.98 (1.38, 2.82) | < 0.001 | 1.14 (0.82, 1.58) | 0.433 |
| Age of first homelessness (< 25 years) | 1.40 (0.98, 2.01) | 0.065 | 0.95 (0.67, 1.34) | 0.756 |
| Social assistance payments (yearly) | ||||
| No (0–1) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.43, 0.95) | 0.028 |
| Irregular (2–11) | 1.43 (1.09, 1.87) | 0.010 | 1.74 (1.31, 2.31) | < 0.001 |
| Regular (> 11) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Prior offence (any conviction) during the 2-year period preceding study period (yes vs. no)a | 4.55 (3.30, 6.26) | < 0.001 | 3.60 (2.65, 4.90) | < 0.001 |
| Schizophrenia (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.53 (1.10, 2.12) | 0.011 | 1.04 (0.76, 1.41) | 0.819 |
| Bipolar disorder (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.21 (0.89, 1.64) | 0.218 | 0.89 (0.65, 1.21) | 0.450 |
| Neurotic disorder (yearly, yes vs. no) a | 1.29 (1.00, 1.66) | 0.053 | 1.03 (0.76, 1.41) | 0.842 |
| Depressive disorder (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.23 (0.95, 1.61) | 0.121 | 0.91 (0.66, 1.25) | 0.552 |
| Personality disorder (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.50 (1.14, 1.96) | 0.003 | 1.16 (0.81, 1.66) | 0.412 |
| Alcohol dependence (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.25 (0.80, 1.95) | 0.332 | 0.98 (0.57, 1.69) | 0.953 |
| Drug dependence (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.95 (1.43, 2.65) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.08, 2.01) | 0.015 |
| Nondependent drug abuse (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.77 (1.21, 2.60) | < 0.001 | 1.25 (0.85, 1.84) | 0.260 |
| Psychiatric (NSMD-related) hospitalization (yearly, yes vs. no) a | 1.60 (1.22, 2.08) | 0.001 | 1.49 (1.06, 2.08) | 0.021 |
| Substance use disorder-related hospitalization (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.55 (1.12, 2.16) | < 0.001 | 1.31 (0.93, 1.85) | 0.125 |
| Non-psychiatric hospitalization (yearly, yes vs. no)a | 1.37 (1.04, 1.81) | 0.025 | 1.10 (0.80, 1.52) | 0.548 |
aThe reference group is “no”.