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. 2021 Aug 16;11:16532. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95986-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cystic phenotype in kidney organoids using genetic perturbation. (A) Schematic outline of differentiation stages for conventional clonal knockout isolation and differentiation and speedy/direct differentiation of KO pools. (B) Cystic phenotype observed in organoids obtained from genetic perturbation of PKD1 and PKD2. (C) The resulting kidney organoids were stained and imaged using confocal microscopy for different markers. (D) Quantification of cyst formation rates in PKD KO pool organoids versus isogenic unmodified organoids (CTRL) as an average of all experiments. Data are shown as Mean. Bar represent standard deviation (SD) (n = 5 separate experiments).