Table 3.
Cardiff Test, 6 months after intervention. Control group 9 versus interventions 10, 11, 14 and 16
| Control | Intervention | Intervention | Intervention | Intervention | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 16 | |
| Individual items | (n = 141) | (n = 115) | (n = 146) | (n = 157) | (n = 135) |
| Checks responsiveness—by talking | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 95.7 | 97.4 | 95.2 | 98.7 | 94.1 |
| 1 p. No | 4.3 | 2.6 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 5.9 |
| Checks responsiveness—by shaking | |||||
| 3 p. Yes | 93.6 | 97.4 | 93.8 | 98.7 | 93.3 |
| 2 p. No | 5.0 | 2.6 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 6.7 |
| 1 p. Potentially dangerous | 1.4 | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Opens airway—by head tilt and chin lift | |||||
| 5 p. Perfect as instructed | 24.8 | 43.5 | 41.8 | 42.0 | 40.0 |
| 4 p. Acceptable | 9.9 | 6.1 | 11.0 | 8.3 | 9.6 |
| 3 p. Attempted other | 2.8 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 2 p. Attempted visible but fails | 14.9 | 17.4 | 15.8 | 29.9 | 24.4 |
| 1 p. No | 47.5 | 32.2 | 29.5 | 19.1 | 25.9 |
| Checks breathing—by look, listen and feel | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 75.2 | 80.0 | 85.6 | 87.3 | 87.4 |
| 1 p. No | 24.8 | 20.0 | 14.4 | 12.7 | 12.6 |
| Calls 112 or shouts for call to 112 | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 90.1 | 88.7 | 95.9 | 98.7 | 97.8 |
| 1 p. No | 9.9 | 11.3 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 |
| Asks for AED | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 77.3 | 89.6 | 87.0 | 84.1 | 92.6 |
| 1 p. No | 22.7 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 15.9 | 7.4 |
| Starts CPR—compression/ventilations ratio | |||||
| 4 p. 30:2 (28–32:2) | 63.1 | 77.4 | 74.7 | 86.0 | 79.3 |
| 3 p. Another ratio | 35.5 | 11.7 | 25.3 | 14.0 | 20.0 |
| 2 p. Compressions only | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 |
| 1 p. Ventilations only | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hand placement compressions | |||||
| 4 p. Correct | 18.4 | 29.6 | 46.6 | 13.4 | 22.2 |
| 3 p. Other wrong | 39.7 | 41.7 | 36.3 | 44.6 | 52.6 |
| 2 p. Too low | 41.8 | 28.7 | 17.1 | 42.0 | 25.2 |
| 1 p. Not attempted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Average compression depth | |||||
| 6 p. 50–59 mm | 59.6 | 60.0 | 62.3 | 60.5 | 63.7 |
| 5 p. ≥ 60 mm | 12.8 | 13.9 | 6.8 | 23.6 | 18.5 |
| 4 p. 35–49 mm | 24.8 | 23.5 | 28.8 | 14.6 | 15.6 |
| 2 p. < 35 mm | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 |
| 1 p. Not attempted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Average compression rate | |||||
| 6 p. 100–120 | 36.2 | 35.7 | 45.2 | 47.1 | 46.7 |
| 5 p. 121–140 | 7.1 | 13.9 | 14.4 | 13.4 | 18.5 |
| 4 p. 80–99 | 33.3 | 34.8 | 23.3 | 26.1 | 21.5 |
| 3 p. > 140 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 |
| 2 p. < 80 | 22.7 | 13.9 | 15.8 | 12.1 | 12.6 |
| 1 p. Not attempted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total compressions counted | |||||
| 6 p. 140–190 | 56.0 | 62.6 | 64.4 | 50.3 | 59.3 |
| 5 p. > 190 | 16.3 | 13.0 | 11.6 | 22.3 | 18.5 |
| 4 p. 121–139 | 12.1 | 9.6 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 10.4 |
| 3 p. 81–120 | 12.1 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 15.3 | 10.4 |
| 2 p. ≤ 80 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
| 1 p. Not attempted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Average ventilation volume | |||||
| 5 p. 500–600 ml | 7.8 | 5.2 | 15.1 | 11.5 | 17.0 |
| 4 p. 1–499 ml | 14.2 | 8.7 | 13.7 | 7.6 | 9.6 |
| ` 3 p. > 600 ml | 55.3 | 79.1 | 63.0 | 70.7 | 63.7 |
| 2 p. 0 ml | 21.3 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 8.9 |
| 1 p. Not attempted | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 |
| Total ventilations counted | |||||
| 5 p. 8–12 | 43.3 | 62.6 | 60.3 | 60.5 | 60.0 |
| 4 p. 1–7 | 20.6 | 20.0 | 18.5 | 16.6 | 18.5 |
| 3 p. > 12 | 13.5 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 12.7 | 11.9 |
| 2 p. 0 | 21.3 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 10.2 | 8.9 |
| 1 p. Not attempted | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 |
| Total hands-off time | |||||
| 4 p. ≤ 60 s | 4.3 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 7.6 | 4.4 |
| 3 p. 61–90 s | 61.0 | 61.7 | 58.2 | 68.2 | 64.4 |
| 2 p. 91–135 s | 32.6 | 32.2 | 35.6 | 24.7 | 30.4 |
| 1 p. > 135 s | 2.1 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Switches on AED | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.4 | 99.3 |
| 1 p. No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Attaches electrode pads | |||||
| 6 p. Both pads completely in areas | 71.6 | 95.7 | 85.6 | 90.4 | 97.0 |
| 5 p. One in area, one crossing border of area | 12.1 | 1.7 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 0.7 |
| 4 p. One in area, one outside area | 10.6 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 0.7 |
| 3 p. Both crossing border of area | 2.8 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 0 | 0.7 |
| 2 p. Both outside areas | 2.8 | 0 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 0 |
| 1 p. Not attached or not plugged into AED | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Checks safety, ensures nobody in contact with manikin | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 42.6 | 65.2 | 64.4 | 53.5 | 65.2 |
| 1 p. No | 57.4 | 34.8 | 35.6 | 46.5 | 34.8 |
| Delivers shock as directed by AED | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 100 | 99.1 | 100 | 99.4 | 99.3 |
| 1 p. No | 0 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Resumes CPR immediately after shock | |||||
| 2 p. Yes | 87.2 | 91.3 | 89.7 | 89.2 | 88.9 |
| 1 p. No | 12.8 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 10.8 | 11.1 |
Cardiff Test, Cardiff Test of basic life support (BLS) and automated external defibrillation (AED); CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Data was collected from the Resusci Anne Manikin connected to the PC Skill Reporting system (Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) and from direct observation. All results are crude proportions (%), i.e. not adjusted for clustering or imbalances in participants’ characteristics. All available data were used