Table 7.

Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (original and modified)

	Subscale	Item
1	Empathic Feeling and Expression	When I hear people make racist jokes, I tell them I am offended even though they are not referring to my racial or ethnic group*
2	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I do not care if people make racist statements against other racial or ethnic groups
3	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I rarely think about the impact of a racist or ethnic joke on the feelings of people who are targeted*
4	Empathic Feeling and Expression	When other people struggle with racial or ethnic oppression, I share their frustration
5	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I feel supportive of people of other racial and ethnic groups, if I think they are being taken advantage of
6	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I share the anger of those who face injustice because of their racial and ethnic backgrounds*
7	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I share the anger of people who are victims of hate crimes (e.g., intentional violence because of race or ethnicity)
8	Empathic Feeling and Expression	When I know my friends are treated unfairly because of their racial or ethnic backgrounds, I speak up for them
9	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I get disturbed when other people experience misfortunes due to their racial or ethnic backgrounds
10	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I am touched by movies or books about discrimination issues faced by racial or ethnic groups other than my own*
11	Empathic Feeling and Expression	When I see people who come from a different racial or ethnic background succeed in the public arena, I share their pride*
12	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I am not likely to participate in events that promote equal rights for people of all racial and ethnic backgrounds*
13	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I seek opportunities to speak with individuals of other racial or ethnic backgrounds about their experiences
14	Empathic Feeling and Expression	When I interact with people from other racial or ethnic backgrounds, I show my appreciation of their cultural norms
15	Empathic Feeling and Expression	I express my concern about discrimination to people from other racial or ethnic groups*
16	Empathic Perspective Taking	It is easy for me to understand what it would feel like to be a person of another racial or ethnic background other than my own
17	Empathic Perspective Taking	It is difficult for me to relate to stories in which people talk about racial or ethnic discrimination they experience in their day-to-day lives
18	Empathic Perspective Taking	It is difficult for me to put myself in the shoes of someone who is racially and/or ethnically different from me
19	Empathic Perspective Taking	I know what it feels like to be the only person of a certain race or ethnicity in a group of people
20	Empathic Perspective Taking	I can relate to the frustration that some people feel about having fewer opportunities due to their racial or ethnic backgrounds*
21	Empathic Perspective Taking	I feel uncomfortable when I am around a significant number of people who are racially/ethnically different than me*
22	Empathic Perspective Taking	I do not know a lot of information about important social and political events of racial and ethnic groups other than my own*
23	Acceptance of Cultural Differences	I feel irritated when people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds speak their language around me
24	Acceptance of Cultural Differences	I feel annoyed when people do not speak standard English*
25	Acceptance of Cultural Differences	I get impatient when communicating with people from other racial or ethnic backgrounds, regardless of how well they speak English*
26	Acceptance of Cultural Differences	I do not understand why people want to keep their Indigenous racial or ethnic cultural traditions instead of trying to fit into the mainstream*
27	Acceptance of Cultural Differences	I do not understand why people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds enjoy wearing traditional clothing
28	Empathic Awareness	I am aware of how society differentially treats racial or ethnic groups other than my own*
29	Empathic Awareness	I recognize that the media often portrays people based on racial or ethnic stereotypes*
30	Empathic Awareness	I can see how other racial or ethnic groups are systematically oppressed in our society
31	Empathic Awareness	I am aware of institutional barriers (e.g., restricted opportunities for job promotion) that discriminate against racial or ethnic groups other than my own*

*Sixteen items were selected for this study