Table 1. General characteristics of rural and urban residing, and migrant participants.
| Variables | Rural (n=951) | Urban (n=1,432) | Migrated (n=2,899) | Total (n=5,282) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men, n | 356 | 406 | 1,209 | 1,971 | |
| Age, years | 45.8±12.9 | 46.7±11.8 | 47.0±10.4 | 46.7±11.2 | 0.193 |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Elementary | 136 (38.2) | 89 (21.9) | 144 (11.9) | 369 (18.7) | |
| Lower secondary | 128 (36.0) | 173 (42.6) | 453 (37.5) | 754 (38.3) | |
| Higher secondary | 47 (13.2) | 85 (20.9) | 279 (23.1) | 411 (20.9) | |
| Tertiary | 21 (5.9) | 37 (9.1) | 250 (20.7) | 308 (15.6) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 189 (53.1) | 165 (40.6) | 500 (41.4) | 854 (43.3) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.023 | ||||
| Current | 17 (4.8) | 12 (3.0) | 76 (6.3) | 105 (5.3) | |
| Past | 48 (13.5) | 61 (15.0) | 131 (10.8) | 240 (12.2) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Low levels | 37 (10.4) | 85 (20.9) | 287 (23.7) | 409 (20.8) | |
| Medium levels | 54 (15.2) | 72 (17.7) | 176 (14.6) | 302 (15.3) | |
| High levels | 238 (66.9) | 223 (54.9) | 457 (37.8) | 918 (46.6) | |
| WHR | 0.89±0.06 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.93±0.07 | 0.91±0.07 | <0.001 |
| WHR ≥0.90, n (%) | 126 (35.4) | 222 (54.7) | 785 (64.9) | 1,133 (57.5) | <0.001 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 15 (4.2) | 46 (11.3) | 158 (13.1) | 219 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.0±3.0 | 24.1±3.8 | 27.0±3.9 | 25.4±4.4 | <0.001 |
| AST/ALT ratio | 1.99±0.82 | 1.70±0.72 | 1.44±0.56 | 1.60±0.68 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 76.9±8.4 | 84.7±10.3 | 92.6±10.9 | 88.1±12.0 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 0.96 (0.7–1.3) | 1.02 (0.8–1.3) | 0.89 (0.67–1.19) | 0.92 (0.70–1.23) | <0.001 |
| γGT, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 33.1 (24.3–51.6) | 39.5 (27.8–56.6) | 36.7 (27.7–50.1) | 36.5 (27.0–51.5) | 0.003 |
| FLI, median (IQR) | 11.7 (6.6–21.8) | 27.0 (12.3–47.5) | 42.6 (21.8–64.6) | 31.8 (14.3–56.7) | <0.001 |
| FLI, categorized | <0.001 | ||||
| <30, n (%) | 298 (83.7) | 214(52.7) | 426 (35.2) | 938 (47.6) | |
| ≥60, n (%) | 15 (4.2) | 66 (16.3) | 349 (28.9) | 430 (21.8) | |
| Women, n | 595 | 1,026 | 1,690 | 3,311 | |
| Age, years | 46.9±12.6 | 44.7±11.2 | 46.1±9.5 | 45.8±10.7 | <0.001 |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Elementary | 367 (61.7) | 520 (50.7) | 427 (25.3) | 1,314 (39.7) | |
| Lower secondary | 154 (25.9) | 367 (35.8) | 571 (33.8) | 1,092 (33.0) | |
| Higher secondary | 18 (3.0) | 87 (8.5) | 362 (21.4) | 467 (14.1) | |
| Tertiary | 11 (1.8) | 28 (2.7) | 186 (11.0) | 225 (6.8) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 184 (30.9) | 268 (26.1) | 527 (31.2) | 951 (28.7) | 0.014 |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Current | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 21 (2.1) | 21 (0.6) | |
| Past | 5 (0.8) | 21 (2.0) | 67 (4.0) | 93 (2.8) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Low levels | 130 (21.8) | 406 (39.6) | 406 (24.0) | 942 (28.5) | |
| Medium levels | 126 (21.2) | 158 (15.4) | 289 (17.8) | 582 (17.6) | |
| High levels | 294 (49.4) | 434 (42.3) | 577 (34.1) | 1,305 (39.4) | |
| WHR | 0.89±0.07 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.88±0.08 | 0.89±0.07 | <0.001 |
| WHR ≥0.85, n (%) | 444 (74.6) | 829 (80.8) | 1,153 (68.2) | 2,426 (73.3) | <0.001 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 35 (5.9) | 87 (8.5) | 154 (9.1) | 276 (8.3) | 0.049 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7±4.5 | 28.0±5.5 | 30.3±5.1 | 28.4±5.6 | <0.001 |
| AST/ALT ratio | 1.96±0.75 | 1.87±0.62 | 1.62±0.49 | 1.76±0.60 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 83.8±11.2 | 90.4±11.9 | 95.7±12.0 | 92.1±12.6 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 0.97 (0.74–1.34) | 1.01 (0.74–1.36) | 0.73 (0.57–0.98) | 0.85 (0.64–1.16) | <0.001 |
| γGT, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 26.6 (20.5–36.7) | 29.5 (22.8–38.5) | 27.3 (21.3–36.9) | 27.9 (21.6–37.3) | <0.001 |
| FLI, median (IQR) | 16.7 (8.3–36.2) | 40.9 (19.3–69.6) | 46.6 (25.4–71.7) | 39.1 (18.5–67.4) | <0.001 |
| FLI, categorized | <0.001 | ||||
| <30, n (%) | 402 (67.6) | 388 (37.8) | 514 (30.4) | 1,304 (39.4) | |
| ≥60, n (%) | 81 (13.6) | 331 (32.3) | 619 (36.6) | 1,031 (31.1) |
Data presented as mean±SD unless stated otherwise. SD, standard deviation; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; TG, triglycerides; γGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; FLI, fatty liver index; IQR, interquartile ranges.