Table 1.
Study characteristics of included studies.
| References | Country/area | Study design | Effective sample | Study characteristics | Prevalence | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rusetsky et al. (25) | Russia | Cohort study | 79 | Response rate: 91.13% Percentage of male participants: 46.80% Mean age: 12.90 ± 3.40 Diagnosis assessment: the SNOT-22/Sniffin' Sticks” test |
Smell dysfunction: 52/72 Taste dysfunction: 54/79 |
5 |
| Qiu et al. (13) | China, Germany, France |
Cross-sectional study | 27 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: / Mean age: 16.60 ± 0.70 Diagnosis assessment: self-report (questionnaire) |
Smell dysfunction: 3/27 Taste dysfunction: 0/27 smell or taste dysfunction: 6/27 smell and taste dysfunction: 10/27 |
5 |
| Li et al. (26) | China | Cross-sectional study | 39 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 60% Mean age: 8.0 Diagnosis assessment: / Percentage of smokers: 44.0% |
Smell or taste dysfunction: 2/39 | 5 |
| Laws et al. (27) | America | Cross-sectional study | 19 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 39% Mean age: 13 Diagnosis assessment:/ Percentage of smokers: 31.2% Percentage of mild or moderate patients: 31.57% |
Smell dysfunction: 6/19 Taste dysfunction: 4/19 |
3 |
| Kumar et al. (28) | India | Cross-sectional study | 141 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants:58.9 Mean age: 15.2 Diagnosis assessment: self-report |
Smell dysfunction: 34/141 Taste dysfunction: 34/141 smell or taste dysfunction: 40/141 smell and taste dysfunction: 28/141 |
4 |
| Krajcar et al. (29) | Croatia | Cross-sectional study | 151 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 33.1 Mean age: 10.0 Diagnosis assessment: self-report Percentage of mild or moderate patients: 88.07% Percentage of patients with comorbidity: 24.50% |
Smell or taste dysfunction: 27/151 | 4 |
| Korkmaz et al. (30) | Turkey | Cohort study | 81 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 59.25 Mean age: 9.5 Diagnosis assessment: self-report Percentage of patients with comorbidity: 4.93% |
Smell dysfunction: 1/81 | 4 |
| King et al. (31) | Canada | Cross-sectional study | 1,987 | Response rate: 87.76 Percentage of male participants: 49.8 Mean age: 9.3 ± 5.2 Diagnosis assessment: self-report |
Smell or taste dysfunction: 153/1,987 | 5 |
| Kilani et al. (32) | Jordan | Cross-sectional study | 61 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 60.6 Mean age: / Diagnosis assessment: self-report |
Smell dysfunction: 9/61 Taste dysfunction: 5/61 |
4 |
| He et al. (33) | China | Cross-sectional study | 35 | Response rate:100% Percentage of male participants: 66.67 Mean age: 7.1 ± 4.2 Diagnosis assessment: self-report |
Smell or taste dysfunction: 1/35 | 4 |
| Han et al. (34) | South Korea | Cross-sectional study | 74 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 58 Mean age: 11 Diagnosis assessment: self-report Percentage of mild or moderate patients: 72.52% |
Smell dysfunction: 4/74 Taste dysfunction: 8/74 |
4 |
| Percentage of patients with comorbidity: 8.10% | ||||||
| Goss et al. (35) | America | Cross-sectional study | 26 | Response rate: 100% Percentage of male participants: 62.0 Mean age: 8 Diagnosis assessment: self-report Percentage of patients with comorbidity: 100% |
Smell dysfunction: 2/26 | 4 |
| Gaborieau et al. (36) | France | Cross-sectional study | 157 | Response rate: 93.65% Percentage of male participants: 59.9 Mean age: 0.5 Diagnosis assessment: self-report Percentage of patients with comorbidity: 28.02% |
Smell or taste dysfunction: 7/157 | 4 |
| Duarte-Salles et al. (14) |
France, Germany, Spain, South Korea and the United States |
Cross-sectional study | 58,963 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: / Mean age: / Diagnosis assessment:/ |
Smell or taste dysfunction: 267/58963 | 4 |
| Concheiro-Guisan et al. (37) |
Spain | Case-control study | 33 |
Response rate:/ Percentage of male participants: 61 Mean age: 8.4 Diagnosis assessment: self-report |
Smell dysfunction: 5/33 Taste dysfunction: 4/33 |
3 |
| Chua et al. (38) | South Korea | Cross-sectional study | 91 | Response rate:/ Percentage of male participants: 58.2 Mean age: 10.8 ± 5.42 Diagnosis assessment: self-report |
smell dysfunction: 4/91 taste dysfunction: 8/91 |
4 |
| Chua et al. (38) | Hong Kong | Cross-sectional Study | 88 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 58 Mean age: 12.9 ± 5.2 Diagnosis assessment: self-reported |
Smell dysfunction: 7/88 taste dysfunction: 6/88 |
4 |
| Arslan et al. (39) | Turkey | Cross-sectional study | 176 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 55.7 Mean age: 6.5 Diagnosis assessment: self-report Percentage of mild or moderate patients: 65.9% Percentage of patients with comorbidity: 1.7% |
Smell or Taste dysfunction: 15/176 | 4 |
| Adedeji et al. (40) | Nigeria | Cross-sectional study | 59 | Response rate: / Percentage of male participants: 52.8 Mean age: 12.63 ± 4.31 Diagnosis assessment: self-report Percentage of mild or moderate patients: 39.63% |
Smell dysfunction: 6/59 Taste dysfunction: 1/59 |
4 |