Table 5.
Clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in NGT and GDM subjects with/without FAO near term
| NGT |
GDM |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FAOa (–) (n=4,059) | FAO (+) (n=416) | FAO (–) (n=217) | FAO (+) (n=45) | |
| Age, yr | 33.1±3.7 | 33.7±3.5b | 35.2±3.9 | 36.4±4.3 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 20.5±2.5 | 21.6±3.1b | 22.0±3.1 | 23.7±4.0b |
| Weight gain, kg | ||||
| Pre-pregnancy−at diagnosis | 7.5±3.1 | 8.3±4.2b | 7.5±3.4 | 8.6±4.2 |
| Pre-pregnancy−near term | 12.9±4.0 | 13.9±4.4b | 11.3±4.3 | 12.0±5.7 |
| Insulin treatment, % | - | - | 9.2 | 22.2b |
| FPG on 100-g OGTT, mg/dL | 79.9±6.2 | 82.0±6.6 | 89.0±15.8 | 93.7±13.6 |
| Mean plasma glucose, mg/dL | ||||
| Fasting | - | 81.0±7.0 | 86.8±14.0b | |
| Postprandial 1 hour | - | 131.8±18.9 | 137.4±25.4 | |
| Mean glycated albumin, % | - | - | 11.8±1.4 | 11.9±1.2 |
| HbA1c, % | ||||
| At diagnosis | 5.0±0.3 | 5.0±0.3 | 5.3±0.5 | 5.5±0.6b |
| Near term | - | - | 5.5±0.5 | 5.7±0.6 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | ||||
| Primipara, % | 66.8 | 60.8b | 66.4 | 60.0 |
| Primary cesarean delivery, % | 22.7 | 28.8b | 29.7 | 37.8 |
| Infant birth weight, g | 3,174±366 | 3,574±383b | 3,189±425 | 3,670±362b |
| GA at delivery, wk | 39.1±1.2 | 38.8±1.4b | 38.6±1.5 | 38.3±1.2 |
| LGA, % | 3.0 | 26.1b | 7.5 | 44.4b |
| Macrosomia, % | 1.0 | 10.1b | 3.2 | 15.6b |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
NGT, normal glucose tolerance; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; FAO, fetal abdominal obesity; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; GA, gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age.
a
FAO defined as fetal abdominal overgrowth ratio ≥90th percentile,
b
P<0.05, compared with the group without FAO.