Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| All patients (n = 76) | Paroxysmal AF (n = 28) | Persistent AF (n = 48) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71.9 ± 8.2 | 69.9 ± 10.2 | 73.2 ± 6.7 | .09 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 40 (53) | 12 (43) | 28 (58) | .19 |
| Female | 36 (47) | 16 (57) | 20 (42) | .19 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.6 | 22.6 ± 2.7 | 23.6 ± 4.0 | .24 |
| History of present and past illness | ||||
| Hypertension | 39 (51) | 14 (50) | 25 (52) | .86 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 18 (24) | 4 (14) | 14 (29) | .14 |
| Dyslipidemia | 30 (39) | 12 (43) | 18 (38) | .64 |
| Coronary artery disease | 17 (22) | 7 (25) | 10 (21) | .67 |
| Cerebral infarction | 14 (18) | 6 (21) | 8 (17) | .61 |
| Sleep apnea | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | .44 |
| Smoking | 28 (37) | 11 (39) | 17 (35) | .74 |
| Alcohol use | 22 (29) | 4 (14) | 18 (38) | <.05 |
| CHADS2 score | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | .50 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 4.1 ± 1.5 | .85 |
| Surgical procedure | ||||
| Valve replacement/repair | 51 (67) | 21 (75) | 30 (63) | .26 |
| Aorta replacement | 6 (8) | 0 (0) | 6 (13) | .05 |
| CABG | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | .44 |
| Combined (CABG and valve) | 14 (18) | 7 (25) | 7 (15) | .26 |
| Combined (aorta and valve) | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 3 (6) | .17 |
| Combined (ASD closure and valve) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | .44 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 25 ± 13 | 23 ± 14 | 25 ± 12 | .39 |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 2.8 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | .13 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 358 ± 435 | 430 ± 500 | 311 ± 388 | .31 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 51 ± 20 | 53 ± 22 | 50 ± 19 | .45 |
| LAD (mm) | 52 ± 10 | 47 ± 8 | 54 ± 11 | <.01 |
| LVDd (mm) | 53 ± 9 | 52 ± 9 | 53 ± 9 | .45 |
| EF (%) | 59 ± 12 | 62 ± 13 | 58 ± 13 | .13 |
| E/e' | 22 ± 13 | 25 ± 13 | 20 ± 12 | .11 |
| AR II°-III° | 19 (25) | 5 (18) | 14 (29) | .27 |
| AS moderate-severe | 18 (24) | 8 (29) | 10 (21) | .44 |
| MR II°-III° | 47 (62) | 17 (61) | 30 (63) | .88 |
| MS moderate-severe | 11 (14) | 6 (21) | 5 (10) | .19 |
| EAT volume (mL) | 89 ± 46 | 71 ± 28 | 99 ± 51 | <.05 |
| EAT volume corrected by BMI | 3.8 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | <.01 |
Data are given as mean ± SD or n (%).
AF = atrial fibrillation; AR = aortic regurgitation; AS = aortic stenosis; ASD = atrial septal defect; BMI = body mass index; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CABG = coronary artery bypass graft; Cr = creatinine; E/e = the ratio of the peak early mitral inflow velocity (E) over the early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e′); EAT = epicardial adipose tissue; EF = ejection fraction; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; LAD = left atrial diameter; LVDd = left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; MR = mitral regurgitation; MS = mitral stenosis.