Fig. 7. Top leading specific causes (level 3 and 4) due to premature mortality, YLDs, and DALYs for 2010, 2014, and 2018, with percentage in DALYs (per 100,000). (A) The changes in the rankings of YLLs, (B) YLDs, and (C) DALYs per 100,000 North Korean defectors in the level 3 and 4 disease group for 2010, 2014, and 2018.

YLL = year of life lost, YLD = year of life lived, DALY = disability-adjusted life year.