Table 5.
Z-scores and the differences between the observed volumes and the predicted volumes.
| Before ethnicity adjustment | After ethnicity adjustment | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kor.CN | Cau.CN | Kor.CN | Cau.CN | |||||||||
| z | t | p | z | t | p | z | t | p | z | t | p | |
| Brain | 0.24 | 1.59 | 0.113 | −0.58 | −3.11 | 0.002 | −0.02 | −0.12 | 0.901 | −0.02 | 0.35 | 0.728 |
| Cortical gray matter | 0.18 | 1.37 | 0.171 | −0.62 | −4.15 | 0.000 | −0.14 | −1.03 | 0.304 | 0.04 | 0.59 | 0.555 |
| Frontal L | 0.08 | 0.67 | 0.502 | −0.37 | −2.83 | 0.005 | −0.13 | −1.10 | 0.270 | 0.08 | 0.56 | 0.574 |
| Frontal R | 0.12 | 0.99 | 0.321 | −0.39 | −3.37 | 0.001 | −0.11 | −0.91 | 0.365 | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.710 |
| Temporal L | 0.20 | 1.75 | 0.080 | −0.61 | −3.93 | 0.000 | −0.08 | −0.70 | 0.482 | −0.01 | 1.27 | 0.204 |
| Temporal R | 0.19 | 1.57 | 0.117 | −0.56 | −3.76 | 0.000 | −0.08 | −0.75 | 0.453 | 0.01 | 1.04 | 0.297 |
| Parietal L | 0.17 | 1.45 | 0.149 | −0.71 | −5.43 | 0.000 | −0.16 | −1.30 | 0.196 | −0.06 | 0.29 | 0.771 |
| Parietal R | 0.18 | 1.59 | 0.112 | −0.69 | −5.17 | 0.000 | −0.15 | −1.11 | 0.268 | −0.04 | 0.32 | 0.745 |
| Occipital L | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.333 | −0.34 | −3.20 | 0.001 | −0.06 | −0.81 | 0.419 | 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.588 |
| Occipital R | 0.11 | 1.05 | 0.294 | −0.34 | −2.62 | 0.009 | −0.05 | −0.47 | 0.636 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.662 |
| Cingulate L | 0.11 | 1.09 | 0.278 | −0.30 | −2.48 | 0.014 | −0.01 | −0.12 | 0.901 | −0.03 | −0.13 | 0.898 |
| Cingulate R | 0.07 | 0.70 | 0.482 | −0.33 | −3.99 | 0.000 | −0.11 | −1.25 | 0.212 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.885 |
| Insular L | 0.18 | 2.01 | 0.046 | −0.31 | −3.50 | 0.001 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.959 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.775 |
| Insular R | 0.21 | 2.44 | 0.015 | −0.40 | −4.88 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.945 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.932 |
| Subcortical gray matter | 0.16 | 1.53 | 0.127 | −0.33 | −3.19 | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.754 | −0.03 | −0.42 | 0.672 |
| Thalamus L | 0.25 | 2.90 | 0.004 | −0.58 | −8.17 | 0.000 | 0.00 | −0.31 | 0.756 | −0.04 | −0.95 | 0.344 |
| Thalamus R | 0.28 | 2.97 | 0.003 | −0.56 | −7.53 | 0.000 | 0.02 | −0.14 | 0.890 | 0.00 | −1.02 | 0.307 |
| Putamen L | −0.08 | −0.53 | 0.598 | 0.13 | 2.45 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.563 | −0.05 | −0.13 | 0.897 |
| Putamen R | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.848 | 0.20 | 1.64 | 0.103 | 0.07 | 1.06 | 0.288 | 0.06 | −0.12 | 0.901 |
| Hippocampus L | 0.19 | 2.21 | 0.028 | −0.25 | −2.73 | 0.007 | 0.06 | 0.58 | 0.564 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.457 |
| Hippocampus R | 0.21 | 2.16 | 0.031 | −0.34 | −3.81 | 0.000 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.689 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.650 |
| Caudate L | 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.670 | −0.19 | −1.35 | 0.178 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.970 | −0.11 | −0.34 | 0.737 |
| Caudate R | −0.08 | −0.65 | 0.517 | 0.20 | 2.96 | 0.003 | 0.05 | 0.76 | 0.450 | −0.07 | −0.12 | 0.902 |
| Amygdala L | 0.13 | 1.05 | 0.293 | −0.20 | −1.23 | 0.219 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.843 | 0.00 | 0.92 | 0.360 |
| Amygdala R | 0.08 | 0.45 | 0.657 | −0.17 | −1.45 | 0.148 | 0.00 | −0.48 | 0.628 | 0.03 | 0.77 | 0.442 |
| Pallidus L | 0.03 | 0.55 | 0.580 | −0.06 | −2.20 | 0.029 | −0.02 | −0.10 | 0.923 | 0.02 | −1.05 | 0.297 |
| Pallidus R | 0.15 | 1.94 | 0.053 | −0.22 | −3.21 | 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.628 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.769 |
| Accumbens L | −0.15 | −1.61 | 0.108 | 0.40 | 5.73 | 0.000 | 0.03 | 0.81 | 0.419 | 0.02 | 1.29 | 0.199 |
| Accumbens R | −0.21 | −2.00 | 0.047 | 0.48 | 4.45 | 0.000 | −0.02 | 0.28 | 0.777 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.964 |
| Ventral diencephalon L | 0.09 | 1.13 | 0.261 | −0.23 | −1.88 | 0.061 | −0.01 | 0.09 | 0.930 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.751 |
| Ventral diencephalon R | 0.08 | 0.93 | 0.355 | −0.10 | −1.47 | 0.143 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 0.739 | 0.05 | −0.11 | 0.912 |
| Stem | 0.08 | 0.95 | 0.344 | −0.03 | 0.18 | 0.859 | 0.06 | 0.76 | 0.450 | 0.03 | 0.76 | 0.450 |
| Corpus callosum | 0.11 | 1.35 | 0.179 | −0.06 | −1.02 | 0.307 | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.656 | 0.10 | 0.97 | 0.332 |
| Ventricle | −0.05 | −0.78 | 0.438 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.731 | −0.07 | −0.96 | 0.335 | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.577 |
| Lateral L | −0.03 | −0.61 | 0.542 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.997 | −0.06 | −0.91 | 0.365 | 0.05 | 0.42 | 0.673 |
| Lateral R | −0.07 | −0.94 | 0.346 | 0.04 | 1.11 | 0.266 | −0.07 | −0.90 | 0.366 | 0.02 | 0.87 | 0.387 |
| Inferior lateral L | −0.07 | −0.82 | 0.414 | −0.11 | −0.85 | 0.398 | −0.11 | −1.26 | 0.210 | −0.02 | 0.10 | 0.922 |
| Inferior lateral R | −0.08 | −0.99 | 0.325 | −0.08 | −0.43 | 0.665 | −0.09 | −1.07 | 0.284 | −0.07 | −0.45 | 0.654 |
| 3rd | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.480 | −0.33 | −3.44 | 0.001 | −0.06 | −0.60 | 0.546 | −0.03 | −0.45 | 0.652 |
| 4th | −0.06 | −0.73 | 0.469 | −0.20 | −1.73 | 0.084 | −0.10 | −1.35 | 0.177 | −0.09 | −0.47 | 0.636 |
The z scores with p < 0.00125 are presented in bold and italic. The scores with p < 0.05 are presented in bold. L, left; R, right. Kor, Korean; Cau, Caucasian; CN, normal controls.