Table 6.
Z-score differences between AD patients and controls before/after ethnicity adjustment.
| Before ethnicity adjustment | After ethnicity adjustment | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kor.AD vs. Kor.CN | Cau.AD vs. Kor.CN | Kor.AD vs. Cau.CN | Cau.AD vs. Cau.CN | Kor.AD vs. Kor.CN | Cau.AD vs. Kor.CN | Kor.AD vs. Cau.CN | Cau.AD vs. Cau.CN | |||||||||||||||||
| Δz | t | p | Δz | t | p | Δz | t | p | Δz | t | p | Δz | t | p | Δz | t | p | Δz | t | p | Δz | t | p | |
| Brain | −0.92 | −10.43 | 0.000 | −1.75 | −18.53 | 0.000 | −0.16 | −1.59 | 0.113 | −0.99 | −9.42 | 0.000 | −1.03 | −10.26 | 0.000 | −1.20 | −11.49 | 0.000 | −1.12 | −10.35 | 0.000 | −1.28 | −11.52 | 0.000 |
| Cortical GM | −0.88 | −9.26 | 0.000 | −1.92 | −19.47 | 0.000 | −0.12 | −1.19 | 0.234 | −1.17 | −10.79 | 0.000 | −1.02 | −9.21 | 0.000 | −1.33 | −11.75 | 0.000 | −1.27 | −10.87 | 0.000 | −1.58 | −13.26 | 0.000 |
| Frontal L | −0.62 | −6.03 | 0.000 | −1.17 | −11.68 | 0.000 | −0.17 | −1.51 | 0.132 | −0.71 | −6.66 | 0.000 | −0.65 | −5.95 | 0.000 | −0.67 | −6.30 | 0.000 | −0.87 | −7.66 | 0.000 | −0.88 | −8.04 | 0.000 |
| Frontal R | −0.60 | −6.07 | 0.000 | −1.21 | −11.98 | 0.000 | −0.03 | −0.30 | 0.762 | −0.64 | −5.91 | 0.000 | −0.64 | −6.00 | 0.000 | −0.67 | −6.18 | 0.000 | −0.81 | −7.22 | 0.000 | −0.84 | −7.39 | 0.000 |
| Temporal L | −1.22 | −11.41 | 0.000 | −2.24 | −20.75 | 0.000 | −0.56 | −5.06 | 0.000 | −1.58 | −14.11 | 0.000 | −1.42 | −11.37 | 0.000 | −1.74 | -14.29 | 0.000 | −1.69 | −13.45 | 0.000 | −2.02 | −16.39 | 0.000 |
| Temporal R | −1.02 | −9.76 | 0.000 | −2.20 | −20.25 | 0.000 | −0.38 | −3.45 | 0.001 | −1.57 | −13.68 | 0.000 | −1.15 | −9.70 | 0.000 | −1.71 | −14.45 | 0.000 | −1.40 | −11.53 | 0.000 | −1.96 | −16.19 | 0.000 |
| Parietal L | −0.64 | −6.95 | 0.000 | −1.75 | −17.06 | 0.000 | 0.16 | 1.65 | 0.100 | −0.95 | −8.64 | 0.000 | −0.73 | −6.83 | 0.000 | −1.12 | −9.29 | 0.000 | −0.95 | −8.57 | 0.000 | −1.33 | −10.81 | 0.000 |
| Parietal R | −0.61 | −6.91 | 0.000 | −1.78 | −16.91 | 0.000 | 0.20 | 2.10 | 0.036 | −0.97 | −8.59 | 0.000 | −0.71 | −6.84 | 0.000 | −1.15 | −9.37 | 0.000 | −0.90 | −8.39 | 0.000 | −1.35 | −10.66 | 0.000 |
| Occipital L | −0.39 | −4.36 | 0.000 | −0.99 | −10.32 | 0.000 | 0.06 | 0.57 | 0.569 | −0.54 | −5.18 | 0.000 | −0.41 | −4.25 | 0.000 | −0.53 | −5.28 | 0.000 | −0.56 | −5.38 | 0.000 | −0.68 | −6.30 | 0.000 |
| Occipital R | −0.46 | −5.07 | 0.000 | −1.02 | −10.78 | 0.000 | −0.05 | −0.47 | 0.641 | −0.60 | −5.73 | 0.000 | −0.47 | −4.99 | 0.000 | −0.62 | −6.24 | 0.000 | −0.57 | −5.46 | 0.000 | −0.72 | −6.60 | 0.000 |
| Cingulate L | −0.58 | −5.97 | 0.000 | −1.01 | −10.45 | 0.000 | −0.18 | −1.86 | 0.064 | −0.61 | −6.29 | 0.000 | −0.59 | −5.90 | 0.000 | −0.70 | −7.09 | 0.000 | −0.59 | −5.94 | 0.000 | −0.69 | −7.14 | 0.000 |
| Cingulate R | −0.33 | −3.44 | 0.001 | −0.87 | −8.64 | 0.000 | 0.12 | 1.20 | 0.230 | −0.42 | −4.13 | 0.000 | −0.34 | −3.36 | 0.001 | −0.42 | −4.07 | 0.000 | −0.47 | −4.65 | 0.000 | −0.55 | −5.32 | 0.000 |
| Insular L | −0.65 | −6.71 | 0.000 | −1.10 | −10.75 | 0.000 | −0.08 | −0.82 | 0.415 | −0.54 | −4.90 | 0.000 | −0.67 | −6.62 | 0.000 | −0.65 | −6.11 | 0.000 | −0.70 | −6.55 | 0.000 | −0.68 | −6.08 | 0.000 |
| Insular R | −0.61 | −6.50 | 0.000 | −1.16 | −11.56 | 0.000 | 0.12 | 1.19 | 0.235 | −0.43 | −4.01 | 0.000 | −0.65 | −6.41 | 0.000 | −0.62 | −5.93 | 0.000 | −0.63 | −5.93 | 0.000 | −0.60 | −5.49 | 0.000 |
| Subcortical GM | −1.03 | −10.46 | 0.000 | −1.78 | −19.00 | 0.000 | −0.51 | −5.08 | 0.000 | −1.25 | −13.19 | 0.000 | −1.07 | −10.37 | 0.000 | −1.46 | −15.14 | 0.000 | −0.98 | −9.42 | 0.000 | −1.37 | -14.05 | 0.000 |
| Thalamus L | −0.37 | −4.47 | 0.000 | −0.88 | −10.44 | 0.000 | 0.48 | 5.71 | 0.000 | −0.03 | −0.39 | 0.699 | −0.40 | −4.33 | 0.000 | −0.25 | −2.71 | 0.007 | −0.34 | −3.74 | 0.000 | −0.19 | −2.11 | 0.035 |
| Thalamus R | −0.41 | −4.68 | 0.000 | −1.06 | −12.12 | 0.000 | 0.50 | 5.71 | 0.000 | −0.15 | −1.68 | 0.095 | −0.44 | −4.54 | 0.000 | −0.42 | −4.52 | 0.000 | −0.36 | −3.71 | 0.000 | −0.33 | −3.65 | 0.000 |
| Putamen L | −0.38 | −3.63 | 0.000 | −0.38 | −4.16 | 0.000 | −0.60 | −6.11 | 0.000 | −0.60 | −7.21 | 0.000 | −0.39 | −3.70 | 0.000 | −0.60 | −6.65 | 0.000 | −0.34 | −3.41 | 0.001 | −0.55 | −6.69 | 0.000 |
| Putamen R | −0.52 | −5.02 | 0.000 | −0.72 | −7.20 | 0.000 | −0.63 | −6.19 | 0.000 | −0.83 | −8.44 | 0.000 | −0.53 | −5.08 | 0.000 | −0.89 | −8.85 | 0.000 | −0.43 | −4.22 | 0.000 | −0.79 | −8.01 | 0.000 |
| Hippocampus L | −1.69 | −14.47 | 0.000 | −2.46 | −24.53 | 0.000 | −1.24 | −10.45 | 0.000 | −2.01 | −19.54 | 0.000 | −1.75 | −14.30 | 0.000 | −2.15 | −20.78 | 0.000 | −1.76 | −14.22 | 0.000 | −2.17 | −20.50 | 0.000 |
| Hippocampus R | −1.59 | −14.40 | 0.000 | −2.37 | −23.00 | 0.000 | −1.05 | −9.30 | 0.000 | −1.82 | −17.31 | 0.000 | −1.68 | −14.27 | 0.000 | −2.02 | −18.83 | 0.000 | −1.69 | −14.06 | 0.000 | −2.02 | −18.49 | 0.000 |
| Caudate L | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.856 | −0.40 | −3.92 | 0.000 | 0.18 | 1.53 | 0.128 | −0.24 | −2.50 | 0.013 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.863 | −0.29 | −2.91 | 0.004 | 0.05 | 0.46 | 0.648 | −0.26 | −2.69 | 0.007 |
| Caudate R | −0.13 | −1.22 | 0.223 | −0.13 | −1.28 | 0.202 | −0.45 | −4.17 | 0.000 | −0.44 | −4.46 | 0.000 | −0.15 | −1.31 | 0.190 | −0.46 | −4.49 | 0.000 | −0.07 | −0.59 | 0.552 | −0.38 | −3.76 | 0.000 |
| Amygdala L | −1.16 | −9.90 | 0.000 | −1.97 | −19.47 | 0.000 | −0.93 | −7.75 | 0.000 | −1.74 | −16.65 | 0.000 | −1.18 | −9.81 | 0.000 | −1.75 | −16.65 | 0.000 | −1.25 | −10.14 | 0.000 | −1.82 | −17.24 | 0.000 |
| Amygdala R | −0.97 | −9.57 | 0.000 | −1.80 | −17.80 | 0.000 | −0.79 | −7.27 | 0.000 | −1.62 | −14.91 | 0.000 | −0.99 | −9.48 | 0.000 | −1.57 | −15.40 | 0.000 | −1.11 | −9.91 | 0.000 | −1.69 | −15.40 | 0.000 |
| Pallidus L | 0.14 | 1.52 | 0.129 | −0.06 | −0.61 | 0.540 | 0.34 | 3.67 | 0.000 | 0.15 | 1.60 | 0.111 | 0.15 | 1.57 | 0.116 | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.626 | 0.22 | 2.32 | 0.021 | 0.11 | 1.26 | 0.208 |
| Pallidus R | −0.13 | −1.31 | 0.191 | −0.47 | −5.31 | 0.000 | 0.25 | 2.70 | 0.007 | −0.10 | −1.12 | 0.263 | −0.12 | −1.20 | 0.229 | −0.18 | −1.99 | 0.048 | −0.10 | −1.06 | 0.289 | −0.16 | −1.87 | 0.062 |
| Accumbens L | −0.77 | −8.31 | 0.000 | −0.45 | −4.50 | 0.000 | −1.38 | −13.47 | 0.000 | −1.05 | −9.74 | 0.000 | −0.81 | −8.47 | 0.000 | −0.93 | −9.06 | 0.000 | −0.87 | −8.26 | 0.000 | −0.98 | −8.85 | 0.000 |
| Accumbens R | −0.57 | −6.82 | 0.000 | −0.44 | −4.60 | 0.000 | −1.16 | −12.15 | 0.000 | −1.03 | −9.67 | 0.000 | −0.61 | −6.98 | 0.000 | −0.99 | −9.78 | 0.000 | −0.58 | −5.87 | 0.000 | −0.96 | −8.63 | 0.000 |
| Ventral DC L | −0.26 | −2.48 | 0.013 | −0.59 | −6.02 | 0.000 | 0.06 | 0.51 | 0.611 | −0.28 | −2.70 | 0.007 | −0.26 | −2.44 | 0.015 | −0.31 | −3.09 | 0.002 | −0.28 | −2.58 | 0.010 | −0.33 | −3.20 | 0.001 |
| Ventral DC R | −0.46 | −4.36 | 0.000 | −0.65 | −6.88 | 0.000 | −0.20 | −1.76 | 0.078 | −0.39 | −3.75 | 0.000 | −0.46 | −4.35 | 0.000 | −0.47 | −4.97 | 0.000 | −0.41 | −3.59 | 0.000 | −0.42 | −4.02 | 0.000 |
| Stem | −0.47 | −4.72 | 0.000 | −0.48 | −4.86 | 0.000 | −0.40 | −3.65 | 0.000 | −0.41 | −3.76 | 0.000 | −0.47 | −4.72 | 0.000 | −0.40 | −3.97 | 0.000 | −0.49 | −4.42 | 0.000 | −0.41 | −3.73 | 0.000 |
| Corpus callosum | −0.77 | −8.24 | 0.000 | −0.67 | −6.90 | 0.000 | −0.58 | −5.79 | 0.000 | −0.47 | −4.62 | 0.000 | −0.77 | −8.20 | 0.000 | −0.47 | −4.84 | 0.000 | −0.82 | −8.22 | 0.000 | −0.52 | −5.04 | 0.000 |
| Ventricle | 1.02 | 11.07 | 0.000 | 0.97 | 10.14 | 0.000 | 0.90 | 9.24 | 0.000 | 0.86 | 8.45 | 0.000 | 1.02 | 11.02 | 0.000 | 1.00 | 10.54 | 0.000 | 0.86 | 8.82 | 0.000 | 0.84 | 8.43 | 0.000 |
| Lateral L | 0.93 | 10.35 | 0.000 | 0.87 | 9.15 | 0.000 | 0.87 | 8.91 | 0.000 | 0.81 | 7.90 | 0.000 | 0.93 | 10.32 | 0.000 | 0.92 | 9.83 | 0.000 | 0.80 | 8.17 | 0.000 | 0.79 | 7.80 | 0.000 |
| Lateral R | 0.90 | 9.84 | 0.000 | 0.91 | 9.55 | 0.000 | 0.69 | 7.18 | 0.000 | 0.70 | 7.04 | 0.000 | 0.90 | 9.80 | 0.000 | 0.88 | 9.31 | 0.000 | 0.72 | 7.54 | 0.000 | 0.70 | 7.13 | 0.000 |
| Inferior lateral L | 1.35 | 12.97 | 0.000 | 1.42 | 14.78 | 0.000 | 1.35 | 13.33 | 0.000 | 1.42 | 15.27 | 0.000 | 1.35 | 12.99 | 0.000 | 1.53 | 16.00 | 0.000 | 1.22 | 12.00 | 0.000 | 1.39 | 15.06 | 0.000 |
| Inferior lateral R | 1.30 | 12.66 | 0.000 | 1.43 | 14.48 | 0.000 | 1.25 | 12.58 | 0.000 | 1.38 | 14.49 | 0.000 | 1.31 | 12.61 | 0.000 | 1.43 | 14.59 | 0.000 | 1.24 | 12.49 | 0.000 | 1.37 | 14.59 | 0.000 |
| 3rd | 0.75 | 7.53 | 0.000 | 0.28 | 2.77 | 0.006 | 1.17 | 11.99 | 0.000 | 0.70 | 7.13 | 0.000 | 0.78 | 7.62 | 0.000 | 0.65 | 6.38 | 0.000 | 0.76 | 7.63 | 0.000 | 0.63 | 6.35 | 0.000 |
| 4th | 0.32 | 3.34 | 0.001 | −0.17 | −1.64 | 0.101 | 0.42 | 4.11 | 0.000 | −0.07 | −0.66 | 0.513 | 0.32 | 3.38 | 0.001 | −0.04 | −0.35 | 0.724 | 0.26 | 2.57 | 0.010 | −0.10 | −0.86 | 0.389 |
L, right; R, right; ICV, intracranial volume; MFS, magnetic field strength; Kor, Korean; Cau, Caucasian; AD, AD patients; CN, normal controls; GM, gray matter; DC, diencephalon.