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. 2021 Aug 3;12:696461. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.696461

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Copyright © 2021 Buckhalter, Soubeyrand, Ferrone, Rasmussen, Manduca, Al-Abdul-Wahid, Frie, Khokhar, Akhtar and Perreault.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Time course of dose-dependent effects of kratom on VTA spectral power. (A,B) Representative power spectra showing dose-dependent (0, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) effects of kratom 30 min post-injection on day 1 and day 7. (C) On day 1, high dose kratom increased delta power whereas on day 7, an elevation in power was induced by both doses of kratom. (D) On both day 1 and day 7, both doses of kratom resulted in a reduction in theta power. (E) No drug-induced changes in beta power were evident. (F) A transient decrease in the low gamma power in response to only high dose kratom on day 1 with no effects on day 7 (G) No effects of kratom treatment on high gamma power on day 1 or day 7. N = 7–10 rats per group, with 2 electrodes/rat. Curves are represented as means with jackknife estimates of sem depicted by the shaded areas. Bars represent mean ± sem. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to saline control rats. ^# p < 0.05 compared to low dose kratom treated rats.