Table 1.
General characteristics of eligible websites
| Website name | URL | Website category | Cannabis therapies discussed | Non-cannabis therapies discussed | Appeared in more than one search? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analytical Cannabis | https://www.analyticalcannabis.com | Cannabis News | Cannabis oils, edibles, vapes, and joints | NSAIDs, opioids | Yes |
| Arthritis | https://www.arthritis.ca | Non-profit | Cannabis creams, joints, edibles, vapes, and oils | Many surgical and pharmaceutical interventions listed for arthritis (medications, DMARDs), CAM therapies, and supplements (acupuncture, meditation, massage, and some herbs) | Yes |
| Beaver Bud | https://www.beaverbud.com | Other | Cannabis creams, vape, oils, joints, edibles, and capsules | None | No |
| CanaboMedical Clinic | https://www.canabomedicalclinic.com | Professional | Cannabis oils, joints, and edibles, | Discusses some pharmaceuticals; opioids, NSAIDs, and antidepressants, as well as exercise and physiotherapy, herbs and plants, meditation, massage, acupuncture, exercise, yoga | Yes |
| Canex | https://www.canex.co.uk | Cannabis news | Cannabis vape, oils, creams, edibles, and joints | Opioids, NSAIDS, and physiotherapy | Yes |
| Cannabis Clinics | https://www.cannabisclinics.ca | Professional | Cannabis vape and oils | None | Yes |
| Creaky Joints | https://www.creakyjoints.org | Non-profit | Cannabis vape, oils, scrubs, and edibles | Some pharmaceuticals, anti-inflammatory diet, some CAM therapies and supplements such as acupuncture, reiki, tai chi, and fish oil | Yes |
| Denver Dispensaries | https://www.denverdispensaries.net | Commercial | Cannabis joints, edibles, and vape | None | Yes |
| Doctor Oz | https://www.doctoroz.com | Other | Cannabis oils, joints, and edibles | Opioids, Botox, surgery, heat/cold therapy, some pharmaceuticals, CAM therapies and medicines; fish oil, fresh ginger, guided meditation, massage therapy, yoga, gua sha, hvla, helichrysum oil, herbal plaster | Yes |
| The Growth Op | https://www.thegrowthop.com | News | Cannabis vape, lube, oils, creams, edibles, and joints | Analgesics, NSAIDs, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, counterirritants, and yoga | No |
| Guidance PA | https://www.guidancepa.com | Other | Cannabis vape, salves, oils, patches, joints, and edibles | None | No |
| Health Central | https://www.healthcentral.com | Health portal | Cannabis vape, oils, creams, edibles, lube, and joints | Surgery, various pharmaceuticals, hormone therapy, DMARDs, NSAIDs, and CAM therapies and supplements; acupuncture, the alexander technique, visceral manipulation, and Omega-3 fatty acids | No |
| Health Europa | https://www.healtheuropa.eu | Cannabis news | Cannabis tincture, oils, edibles, patches, balms, drinks, and capsules | Some surgery and pharmaceuticals, yoga, ginger | Yes |
| Health Harvard | https://www.health.harvard.edu | Professional | Cannabis vape, edibles, patches, capsules, and oils | TENS, surgery, physical therapy, and various pharmaceutical interventions, yoga, mind body therapies, acupuncture, massage therapy, tai chi, chiropractic, fish oil, hypnosis | Yes |
| Healthline | https://www.healthline.com | Health portal | Cannabis oils, edibles, joints, lotions, and gels | Medications, electrical stimulation, nerve block, surgery, and CAM therapies and CAM supplements; meditation, cloves acupuncture, yoga, biofeedback, turmeric, willow bark, essential oils, and ginger | Yes |
| Kevin MD | https://www.kevinmd.com | Health portal | Cannabis vape, oils, and edibles | Discusses conventional treatments such as surgery, pharmaceuticals, and physical therapy, acupuncture, and gingko biloba | Yes |
| Lab Blog UofM | https://labblog.uofmhealth.org | Professional | Cannabis vape and joints | Surgery, Psychological counseling, and pharmaceutical interventions, CAM therapies; tai chi, mindfulness, and herbal supplements | Yes |
| Leafly | https://www.leafly.ca | Commercial | Cannabis terpenes, edibles, joints, oils, vape, and drinks | Opioids | Yes |
| Marijuana Doctors | https://www.marijuanadoctors.com | Professional | Cannabis oils, joints, creams, edibles, vape, and patches | Electrical stimulation, medications, nerve blocks, surgery, and acupuncture | Yes |
| Med Card Now | https://www.medcardnow.com | Professional | Cannabis joints, oils, and creams | None | Yes |
| Medical Cannabis | https://www.medicalcannabis.com | Non-profit | Cannabis edibles, oils, and tinctures | Opioids | Yes |
| Medical News Today | https://www.medicalnewstoday.com | Health portal | Cannabis vape, oils, edibles, patches, and capsules | NSAIDs, opioids, nerve blocks, psychotherapy, TENS, surgery, heat/cold, and trigger point injections, and CAM therapies and supplements; such as deep tissue massage, acupuncture, meditation, Chinese herbal medicine, rosemary, turmeric, peppermint, eucalyptus and yoga | Yes |
| National Pain Report | http://www.nationalpainreport.com | Cannabis news | Cannabis vape, oils, capsules, sprays, creams, and edibles | Surgery and pharmaceutical interventions for pain (opioids), acupuncture, meditation, yoga, massage, and aromatherapy | Yes |
| Ohio Marijuana Card | https://www.ohiomarijuanacard.com | Professional | Cannabis terpenes, vape, joints, oils, capsules, and creams | None | Yes |
| People's Cali | https://www.peoplescali.com | Commercial | Cannabis vape, oil, edibles, drinks, tinctures, joints, and creams | Opioids | No |
| Practical Pain Management | https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com | Health portal | Cannabis terpenes, oils, edibles, vape, patches, and capsules | Interventional pain management; TENS, hormone therapy, anti-nerve growth factor meds, physical therapy, and CAM therapies and supplements; yoga, laser, magnets, flaxseed, and homeopathy | Yes |
| Psychology Today | https://www.psychologytoday.com | Health portal | Cannabis terpenes, vape, edibles, and oils | Surgery, pharmaceuticals, cognitive behavioral therapy, and TENS, mindfulness, biofeedback, ginger root and yoga | No |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | https://www.rheumatoidarthritis.org | Non-profit | Cannabis oil | Discusses surgery exercise, diet, and a wide variety of medications (i.e. DMARDs, NSAIDs) in relation to arthritis treatment, briefly discusses mindfulness, massage, acupuncture, ginger and garlic | No |
| Safe Access Now | https://www.safeaccessnow.org | Non-profit | Cannabis oil, salve, vape, edibles, lotions, and balms | Opioids | Yes |
| SepaPain | https://www.sepapain.com | Professional | Cannabis (general—no specific therapies discussed) | Surgery and conventional pharmaceutical treatments; steroid injections, epidural, Botox, suboxone therapy, and stem cell therapy, yoga, and acupuncture | Yes |
| Very Well Health | https://www.verywellhealth.com | Health portal | Cannabis oil, capsules, joints, and vape | Surgery, pharmaceuticals, opioids, physical therapy, and antidepressants, massage therapy, acupuncture, and gingko biloba | Yes |
| Way of Leaf | https://www.wayofleaf.com | Other | Cannabis oil, clothing, face masks, drinks, edibles, and ointment | Some pharmaceuticals | Yes |
| WebMD | https://www.webmd.com | Health portal | Cannabis oil, edibles, and vape | Drug therapy, trigger point injections, surgical implants, TENS, bioelectric therapy, physical therapy, psychological treatment, nutritional supplements, and dietary approaches, yoga, biofeedback, Ginger, Gingko, meditation, and visualization | Yes |
| Weed Maps | https://www.weedmaps.com | Commercial | Cannabis gum, lube, vape, edibles, and drinks | None | No |
| Weed News | https://www.weednews.co | Other | Cannabis oil, edibles, joints, creams, vape, salves, and lube | None | Yes |
| WikiLeaf | https://www.wikileaf.com | Cannabis news | Cannabis terpenes, vape, oils, joints, edibles, and drinks | Some CAM remedies (pinene) | No |
Abbreviations: CAM Complementary and alternative medicine, DMARDS Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, TENS Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Table 1 provides detailed characteristics of each eligible website. Websites were deemed eligible and included if they contained at least one webpage that contained cannabis consumer health information for the treatment/management of pain