Table 1.

Cytokine and chemokine levels in the brain of mice infected with Zika virus

Cytokines/chemokines	Amounts (mean ± SEM) in pg/mL
	Day 0	Day 3 post-infection	Day 7 post-infection	Day 10 post-infection
IL-1α	4.28 ± 0.34	3.93 ± 0.47	10.44 ± 2.44*	8.24 ± 1.13
IL-1β	0.94 ± 0.02	0.97 ± 0.03	1.29 ± 0.20	1.08 ± 0.06
IL-2	3.20 ± 0.25	3.20 ± 0.40	4.36 ± 0.68	3.65 ± 0.21
IL-3	0.12 ± 0.08	0.34 ± 0.16	0.46 ± 0.17	0.21 ± 0.10
IL-5	0.75 ± 0.12	1.21 ± 0.20	1.42 ± 0.31	0.99 ± 0.13
IL-6	0.95 ± 0.03	1.20 ± 0.13	10.65 ± 4.02*	1.54 ± 0.26
IL-9	5.55 ± 0.04	4.77 ± 0.36	8.50 ± 0.94**	4.92 ± 0.49
IL-10	2.37 ± 0.98	3.05 ± 1.44	19.10 ± 6.40*	13.78 ± 3.65
IL-12p40	138.91 ± 8.62	134.58 ± 14.62	2307.21 ± 1072.27	2223.27 ± 637.44
IL-12p70	42.19 ± 3.09	60.26 ± 4.92	81.10 ± 11.42**	43.06 ± 4.01
IL-13	109.35 ± 5.43	127.71 ± 10.94	124.58 ± 8.20	108.49 ± 5.62
IL-17A	2.29 ± 0.18	2.15 ± 0.30	2.76 ± 0.41	2.61 ± 0.24
G-CSF	4.64 ± 1.55	2.30 ± 0.82	264.34 ± 138.48	19.88 ± 8.10
IFN-γ	6.51 ± 0.76	6.73 ± 0.75	14.62 ± 3.37*	8.46 ± 0.86
TNF-α	57.43 ± 12.71	42.86 ± 3.50	102.20 ± 30.40	34.76 ± 1.79
CCL2	87.61 ± 3.78	79.74 ± 3.85	934.59 ± 387.08*	284.89 ± 62.11
CCL3	10.72 ± 0.30	12.57 ± 0.32	130.09 ± 58.52*	59.93 ± 15.94
CCL4	4.09 ± 0.42	4.65 ± 0.36	9.28 ± 2.00*	7.13 ± 1.72
CCL5	ND	ND	277.48 ± 102.87	567.68 ± 180.00**
CCL11	44.91 ± 3.26	44.24 ± 3.28	180.29 ± 39.51***	82.63 ± 9.50
CXCL1	15.79 ± 1.10	12.43 ± 0.81	51.12 ± 15.74*	26.66 ± 3.40

ND, not detected; SEM, standard error of the mean

Results are the mean ± SEM of 5–6 mice per time point

Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Results that are statistically different compared to day 0 (noninfected mice) are presented as follows: * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001 and are indicated in bold