Table. 1.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of women 50 years or older diagnosed with COVID-19 who were receiving and not receiving anti-osteoporosis drugs
| Treatment groupa (n = 1997) |
Control groupb (n = 1997) |
Available data (n/n, treatment group/control group) | pd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 59 (13) | 59 (13) | 1997/1997 | 1.000 |
| Follow-up center, n (%) | ||||
| Public hospitals | 1575 (78.9) | 1512 (78.9) | 1997/1997 | 0.055 |
| University hospitals | 138 (6.9) | 153 (7.7) | ||
| Private centers | 284 (14.2) | 332 (16.6) | ||
| Education, 9 years and over, n (%) | 12 (4.5) | 12 (4.2) | 265/284 | 0.862 |
| Smoking, current smoker, n (%) | 91 (7.4) | 95 (7.5) | 1237/1260 | 0.862 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 26.6 (6.8) | 31.2 (6.9) | 224/235 | < 0.001 |
| Chest CT on admission consistent with COVID-19, n (%) | 805 (41.7) | 849 (43.7) | 1929/1945 | 0.227 |
| Comorbid conditions | ||||
| T2DM, n (%) | 949 (48.2) | 1038 (52.8) | 1969/1966 | 0.004 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1747 (87.5) | 1752 (87.2) | 1997/1997 | 0.810 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 859 (43.0) | 835 (41.8) | 1997/1997 | 0.442 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 95 (42.4) | 142 (60.4) | 224/235 | < 0.001 |
| Asthma/COPD, n (%) | 955 (47.8) | 829 (41.5) | 1997/1997 | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 1047 (52.4) | 990 (49.6) | 1997/1997 | 0.071 |
| Rheumatic diseases, n (%) | 46 (2.3) | 13 (0.7) | 1997/1997 | < 0.001 |
| CKD, n (%) | 236 (28.7) | 272 (35.4) | 823/768 | 0.012 |
| Laboratory values | ||||
| Calcium, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 8.90 (1.05) | 8.80 (1.02) | 253/258 | 0.202 |
| Albumin, g/dL, median (IQR) | 3.63 (0.78) | 3.70 (1.00) | 154/159 | 0.687 |
| Phophorus, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 3.20 (0.92) | 3.33 (1.44) | 65/80 | 0.358 |
| ALP, IU/L, median (IQR) | 72.50 (43.75) | 72.50 (32.25) | 118/138 | 0.398 |
| Magnesium, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 1.97 (0.45) | 1.92 (0.38) | 76/99 | 0.556 |
| 25(OH)D, ng/mL, median (IQR) | 22.64 (21.96) | 19.65 (16.27) | 15/116 | 0.043 |
| eGFR (mL/kg/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR) | 88.95 (54.20) | 85.47 (54.77) | 568/631 | 0.085 |
| AST, > ULN, n (%) | 61 (17.9) | 58 (16.6) | 340/350 | 0.634 |
| ALT, > ULN, n (%) | 31 (9.0) | 35 (10.1) | 343/348 | 0.648 |
| D-dimer > ULN, n (%) | 128 (69.9) | 139 (69.8) | 183/199 | 0.984 |
| CRP, > ULN, n (%) | 492 (74.0) | 462 (74.4) | 665/621 | 0.866 |
| Procalcitonin, > ULN, n (%) | 5 (4.9) | 14 (11.1) | 102/126 | 0.147 |
| LDH, > ULN, n (%) | 222 (56.3) | 197 (50.9) | 394/387 | 0.127 |
| Ferritin, > 100 ng/mL, n (%) | 208 (62.3) | 256 (67.2) | 334/381 | 0.169 |
| Fibrinogen, > ULN, n (%) | 44 (75.9) | 38 (67.9) | 58/56 | 0.342 |
| Lymphopenia, Lym# < 1000, n (%) | 337 (26.8) | 316 (25.1) | 1258/1260 | 0.328 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Bisphophonates, n (%)c | 1787 (89.5) | NA | 1997/–– | ––- |
| Denosumab, n (%)c | 197 (9.9) | NA | 1997/–– | ––- |
| Teriparatide, n (%)c | 17 (0.9) | NA | 1997/–– | ––- |
| Neuropathic pain medications, n (%) | 1058 (53.0) | 693 (34.7) | 1997/1997 | < 0.001 |
| Antidepressant drugs, n (%) | 1037 (51.9) | 850 (42.6) | 1997/1997 | < 0.001 |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 1943 (97.3) | 1784 (89.3) | 1997/1997 | < 0.001 |
| Antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 640 (32.0) | 800 (40.1) | 1997/1997 | < 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 1561 (78.2) | 1551 (77.7) | 1997/1997 | 0.703 |
| Statins, n (%) | 525 (26.3) | 554 (27.7) | 1997/1997 | 0.301 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%) | 887 (44.4) | 792 (39.7) | 1997/1997 | 0.002 |
| Hospitalization, n (%) | 1411 (70.7) | 1451 (72.7) | 1997/1997 | 0.160 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 324 (23.0) | 391 (27.0) | 1407/1446 | 0.013 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 237 (11.9) | 255 (12.8) | 1997/1997 | 0.386 |
aWomen 50 years or older who were receiving anti-osteoporosis drugs, bAge-matched women who were not receiving anti-osteoporosis drugs, cSome patients received two anti-osteoporosis drugs at different times, dp values in bold show statistically significant results
25(OH)D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CT, computerized tomography; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; Lym#, Lymphocyte count per mililiter; NA, non available; NSAIDs, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; ULN, upper limit of normal