Table 1.
Results of the quality appraisal for included studies.
| Category of study design | Quality criteria | Celdrán et al. (2009) | Celdrán et al. (2011) | Celdrán et al. (2012) | Celdrán et al. (2014) | Creasey and Jarvis (1989) | Creasey et al. (1989) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screening questions | Are there clear research questions? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Do the collected data allow to address the research questions? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Qualitative | Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question? | ✓ | |||||
| Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question? | ✗ | ||||||
| Are the findings adequately derived from the data? | ✓ | ||||||
| Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? | ✓ | ||||||
| Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis and interpretation? | ✓ | ||||||
| Quantitative non-randomised | Are the participants representative of the target population? | ✗ | |||||
| Are measurements appropriate regarding both the outcome and exposure? | ✓ | ||||||
| Are there complete outcome data? | ✓ | ||||||
| Are the confounders accounted for in the design and analysis? | ✓ | ||||||
| During the study period, has the exposure occurred as intended? | ✓ | ||||||
| Quantitative descriptive | Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question? | ✓ | |||||
| Is the sample representative of the target population? | ✗ | ||||||
| Are the measurements appropriate? | ✓ | ||||||
| Is the risk of non-response bias low? | Can’t tell | ||||||
| Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question? | ✓ | ||||||
| Mixed methods | Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed method design to address the research question? | ✓ | ✗ | ✓ | |||
| Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Are outputs of integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved? | ✗ | ✗ | ✗ |