Figure 3.

The two images shown here depict 4D flow used in two different research contexts. (a) Vali et al.¹⁵ used 4D flow to measure the pressure drop at the site of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis, as well as changes in blood flow distribution. This image uses a TOF maximum intensity projection to show the volume coverage of the 4D flow scan, and a velocity map to depict the information acquired. (b) This image was taken from Schuchardt et al.’s³⁶ paper on analysing cerebral vein haemodynamics. It can be seen that, by utilising a lower venc, detailed velocities can be encoded from a range of cerebral veins in a single 4D flow scan. This information was used to compare MS patients to healthy volunteers.