Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study sample.
| Opioid Abuse (n=56,545) | Opioid Dependence (n=154,502) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||||||
| No AUD | Alcohol Abuse | Alcohol Dependence | No AUD | Alcohol Abuse | Alcohol Dependence | ||
| n=47, 412 | n=3,282 | n=5,851 | n=135,076 | n=7,348 | n=12,078 | ||
| Characteristic | |||||||
| Prevalence within total sample | 22.5 (22.3, 22.7) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 64.0 (63.8, 64.2) | 3.5 (3.4, 3.6) | 5.7 (5.6, 5.8) | |
| Comorbid SUD□ | |||||||
| Amphetamine-type | 3.6 (3.5, 3.8) | 9.8 (8.7, 10.9) | 9.2 (8.4, 10.0) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 7.2 (6.6, 7.8) | 8.7 (8.1, 9.2) | |
| Cannabis | 8.9 (8.6, 9.2) | 37.8 (36.0, 39.6) | 27.5 (26.3, 28.8) | 10.4 (10.3, 10.6) | 32.8 (31.6, 33.9) | 29.5 (28.6, 30.4) | |
| Cocaine | 4.3 (4.1, 4.6) | 14.8 (13.6, 16.1) | 17.4 (16.3, 18.5) | 6.1 (5.9, 6.2) | 19.2 (18.2, 20.2) | 20.9 (20.1, 21.7) | |
| Sedative | 4.5 (4.3, 4.7) | 13.2 (12.0, 14.4) | 15.5 (14.5, 16.5) | 6.0 (5.8, 6.1) | 15.3 (14.4, 16.2) | 19.3 (18.5, 20.0) | |
| Other | 15.8 (15.4, 16.1) | 30.4 (28.8, 32.1) | 23.2 (22.1, 24.3) | 17.9 (17.7, 18.1) | 33.5 (32.4, 34.6) | 32.3 (31.4, 33.2) | |
| Previous OUD diagnosis | 21.5 (21.1, 21.9) | 33.9 (32.3, 35.6) | 32.1 (30.9, 33.4) | 56.1 (55.9, 56.4) | 61.9 (60.7, 63.0) | 65.2 (64.3, 66.0) | |
| Comorbid psychiatric illness□□ | |||||||
| Anxiety | 30.8 (30.3, 31.3) | 47.8 (46.0, 49.6) | 41.7 (40.4, 43.1) | 28.2 (28.0, 28.5) | 43.7 (42.5, 44.9) | 38.4 (37.5, 39.3) | |
| Mood | 38.9 (38.4, 39.4) | 64.6 (62.9, 66.4) | 57.9 (56.6, 59.3) | 33.4 (33.1, 33.7) | 53.9 (52.7, 55.1) | 48.4 (47.4, 49.4) | |
| Personality | 2.7 (2.6, 2.9) | 9.0 (7.9, 10.1) | 5.3 (4.7, 5.9) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 5.3 (4.7, 5.9) | 3.9 (3.5, 4.2) | |
| Psychotic | 3.2 (3.0, 3.4) | 10.8 (9.7, 11.9) | 5.8 (5.2, 6.5) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 5.6 (5.1, 6.2) | 4.0 (3.7, 4.4) | |
| Charlson comorbidity indexa | 0.0 (1.0–10.0) | 0.0 (0.0–11.0) | 0.0 (1.0–10.0) | 0.0 (1.0–12.0) | 0.0 (1.0–10.0) | 0.0 (1.0–13.0) | |
| Insurance | |||||||
| Commercial | 60.0 (59.5, 60.5) | 42.1 (40.3, 43.9) | 58.9 (57.5, 60.4) | 40.8 (40.4, 41.1) | 36.6 (35.3, 37.8) | 54.9 (53.9, 55.9) | |
| Medicaid | 40.0 (39.5, 40.5) | 57.9 (56.0, 59.7) | 41.1 (39.6, 42.5) | 59.2 (58.9, 59.6) | 63.4 (62.2, 64.7) | 45.1 (44.1, 46.1) | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 51.1 (50.6, 51.7) | 46.1 (44.2, 48.0) | 45.0 (43.5, 46.4) | 54.1 (53.8, 54.4) | 49.8 (48.5, 51.1) | 42.1 (41.1, 43.1) | |
| Male | 48.9 (48.3, 49.4) | 53.9 (52.0, 55.8) | 55.0 (53.7, 56.5) | 45.9 (45.6, 46.2) | 50.2 (48.9, 51.5) | 57.9 (56.9, 58.9) | |
| Age | |||||||
| 12–17 | 2.4 (2.3, 2.6) | 11.5 (10.3, 12.6) | 2.6 (2.2, 3.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 2.7 (2.3, 3.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | |
| 18–25 | 25.2 (24.7, 25.7) | 26.7 (25.1, 28.3) | 21.5 (20.4, 22.7) | 29.1 (28.8, 29.5) | 32.6 (31.4, 33.8) | 34.8 (33.8, 35.8) | |
| 26–34 | 27.4 (26.9, 27.8) | 21.3 (19.7, 22.8) | 19.2 (18.1, 20.3) | 33.6 (33.3, 34.0) | 30.2 (29.1, 31.4) | 24.0 (23.1, 24.8) | |
| 35–49 | 29.4 (28.9, 29.9) | 25.7 (24.1, 27.4) | 33.2 (31.9, 34.6) | 26.5 (26.2, 26.8) | 24.1 (23.0, 25.2) | 27.0 (26.1, 27.9) | |
| 50–64 | 15.6 (15.2, 16.0) | 14.8 (13.5, 16.2) | 23.4 (22.2, 24.7) | 9.7 (9.5, 9.9) | 10.3 (9.6, 11.1) | 13.2 (12.6, 13.9) | |
| Race/ethnicity (Medicaid only) | n=18,642 | n=1,861 | n=2,347 | n=78,161 | n=4,529 | n=5,248 | |
| Black | 7.0 (6.6, 7.4) | 10.8 (9.2, 12.4) | 12.4 (10.6, 14.1) | 6.7 (6.5, 7.0) | 7.7 (6.8, 8.5) | 8.9 (8.1, 9.8) | |
| White | 82.4 (81.8, 83.1) | 77.3 (75.2, 79.4) | 75.6 (73.6, 77.7) | 84.2 (83.9, 84.5) | 82.4 (81.2, 83.6) | 79.4 (78.2, 80.7) | |
| Hispanic | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | |
| Other | 9.5 (9.0, 10.0) | 10.6 (9.1, 12.0) | 10.6 (9.2, 11.9) | 7.9 (7.7, 8.1) | 8.7 (7.9, 9.6) | 10.5 (9.6, 11.4) | |
OUD= Opioid use disorder; AUD=alcohol use disorder; SUD= substance use disorder; CI= confidence interval.
Note: Variables with mutually exclusive response choices may not always sum to 100.0 due to rounding.
□
Each comorbid SUD is binary (yes/no) variable.
□□
Each comorbid non-SUD psychiatric disease is binary (yes/no) variable.
a
Median (range) presented.
All comparisons are significant at p<.0001 level.