Optical properties of bare and FND@PVP. (a) UV–Vis spectra of PVP, FND, and FND@PVP. (b) intensity normalized PL spectra of both bare FND and FND@PVP at 530 nm excitation. (c), (d) intensity normalized PL spectra of bare FND and FND@PVP as function of excitation wavelength. (e) Relative maximum PL intensity of FND, FND@PVP, and two different QDs dispersed in water as function of time under constant exposure to 365 nm UV light.