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Bidirectional transducer. (a) Sensor and equivalent circuit model for sensitive detection of adherent cells. (b) Calculated benchmark of current noise spectrum (SI) in black and voltage noise spectrum (SV) in red, for Au electrode–electrolyte interfaces as a function of electrode area varied by a factor of 10, from 100 μm2 to 1 cm2. The specific conductivity of the electrolyte was 200 Ωcm. Reproduced from Ref.15 with permission from Scientific Reports. Au, gold.
