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. 2020 Dec 16;2(4):348–361. doi: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0034

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© Stephanie N. Iwasa et al. 2020; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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FIG. 1. — Galvanotaxis. (A) Differences in the microenvironment can affect the galvanotactic response, including reversing the direction and speed of galvanotaxis. (B) Endogenous electric potential differences are found in vivo and these are consistent with migration pathways found in vivo. Damaged tissue will have different microenvironments which could either affect galvanotactic response or serve as a migratory cue. Harnessing these pathways could facilitate electrical stimulation therapies. (C) Proposed therapeutic strategy utilizing endogenous pathways and fine-tuning the electrical stimulation to elicit different cellular responses. Minus (−), cathode; plus (+), anode; CC, corpus callosum; EF, electric field; LV, lateral ventricle; OB, olfactory bulb.