SDS-PAGE protein pattern of the food allergen reference materials. Each reference material, egg 0.2 g, milk 0.2 g, wheat 1 g, peanut 0.4 g, and buckwheat 1 g was extracted with 20 mL of the extraction solution containing only SDS, or SDS plus 0.02–0.5 M sodium sulfite. The resulting supernatant 7.5 μL was loaded on a lane of NuPAGE 12% gel. After electrophoresis, the protein pattern of the SDS-PAGE gel was visualized by a Rapid CBB staining kit; (A) egg; (B) milk; (C) wheat; (D) peanut; (E) buckwheat. Lane 1, PBS extract; Lane 2, SDS extract; Lane 3, SDS/2-ME extract; Lane 4, SDS/0.02 M sulphite extract; Lane 5, SDS/0.05 M sulfite extract; Lane 6, SDS/0.1 M sulphite extract; Lane 7, SDS/0.2 M sulfite extract; Lane 8, SDS/0.5 M sulphite extract; Lane M, see blue PLUS 2 prestained standard (15). Reprinted with permission from Ito, K., Yamamoto, T., Oyama, Y. et al. (2016) Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 408, 5973–5984. Copyright Springer Nature.