Table 3.
Comparison between patients with and without MAD
| No MAD (n = 99) | MAD (n = 69) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Patients with MFS, n (%) | 56 (58) | 47 (67) | 0.22 |
| Age at first examination (years) | 27 ± 19 | 21 ± 14 | 0.02 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 51 (52) | 39 (57) | 0.52 |
| Family members, n (%) | 56 (56) | 34 (49) | 0.35 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| Age at echocardiography (years) | 35 ± 18 | 30 ± 15 | 0.05 |
| Aortic root dilatation Z-score (n = 131, pre-event echocardiographies) | 4.1 ± 2.9 | 4.2 ± 2.1 | 0.86 |
| MVP, n (%) | 8 (8) | 44 (64) | <0.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation, n (%) | 6 (6) | 24 (35) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic mitral annulus diameter indexed (mm/m2) | 17 ± 4 | 19 ± 5 | 0.08 |
| Systolic mitral annulus diameter indexed (mm/m2) | 16 ± 4 | 19 ± 6 | <0.001 |
| Dilated mitral annulus (n = 136, adult patients only), n (%) | 22 (22) | 24 (35) | 0.06 |
| LVEDVi (mL/m2) | 55 ± 16 | 61 ± 21 | 0.02 |
| LVESVi (ml/m2) | 21 ± 8 | 25 ± 10 | 0.02 |
| EF (%) | 61 ± 6 | 60 ± 5 | 0.20 |
| Septal S (cm/s) | 7 ± 2 | 8 ± 2 | 0.01 |
| Lateral S (cm/s) | 9 ± 2 | 11 ± 4 | <0.001 |
| E/A ratio | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.56 |
| E/e′ ratio | 7.7 ± 2.6 | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 0.03 |
| Septal e′ (cm/s) | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 2 | 0.06 |
| Lateral e′ (cm/s) | 10 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 0.30 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation velocity (m/s) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 0.53 |
| Left atrium volume indexed (mL/m2) | 28 ± 10 | 30 ± 11 | 0.18 |
| Diastolic dysfunction, n (%) | 5 (5) | 2 (3) | 0.91 |
| Outcome data | |||
| Aortic root dilatation Z-score at prophylactic aortic surgery (n = 81) | 7.0 ± 3.8 | 6.1 ± 2.3 | 0.23 |
| AoE, n (%) | 67 (68) | 45 (65) | 0.74 |
| Aortic dissection, n (%) | 19 (19) | 8 (12) | 0.19 |
| Prophylactic aortic surgery, n (%) | 48 (48) | 37 (54) | 0.51 |
| Age at AoE (years) | 37 ± 15 | 32 ± 12 | 0.04 |
| Mitral events, n (%) | 1 (1) | 11 (16) | <0.001 |
| Age at mitral event (years) | 56 | 35 ± 14 | 0.20 |
| Age at mitro-aortic event (years) | 37 ± 15 | 32 ± 11 | 0.03 |
| Arrhythmic outcome | |||
| Documented ventricular arrhythmias (n = 17), n (%) | 1 (1) | 6 (9) | 0.30 |
Values are average ± SD or frequencies (%). P-values are calculated by Student’s t test, chi-square, as appropriate. Bold values denote statistical significance.
AoE, aortic events; EF, ejection fraction; LVEDVi, left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed for body surface area; LVESVi, left ventricular end-systolic volume indexed for body surface area; MAD, mitral annulus disjunction; MFS, Marfan syndrome; MVP, mitral valve prolapse.