Table 2. Standardized regression coefficients from smoking and education polygenic scores (PGS) to outcome variables.
| Smoking PGS | Education PGS | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 11 | Age 14 | Age 17 | RI | RI | Age 11 | Age 14 | Age 17 | RI | RI | |
| 1 PGS | 2 PGS | 1 PGS | 2 PGS | |||||||
| Grade Point Average | -.13 | -18 | -.15 | -.20 | -.13 | .20 | .25 | .25 | .35 | .32 |
| [-.18, -.07] | [-.23, -.13] | [-.19, -.11] | [-.27, -.14] | [-.19, -.07] | [.15, .26] | [.21, .30] | [.20, .29] | [.29, .42] | [.26, .40] | |
| Academic Motivation | -.10 | -.17 | -.16 | -.22 | -.19 | .06 | .14 | .15 | .17 | .12 |
| Self/Parent Report | [-.15, -.05] | [-.22, -.13] | [-.20, -.12] | [-.28, -.16] | [-.26, -.13] | [.01, .10] | [.10, .19] | [.10, .18] | [.11, .23] | [.07, .19] |
| Academic Motivation | -.14 | -.19 | -.15 | -.21 | -.15 | .19 | .25 | .18 | .28 | .25 |
| Teacher Report | [-.19, -.07] | [-.24, -.14] | [-.20, -.10] | [-.27, -.15] | [-.21, -.09] | [.13, .25] | [.20, .30] | [.13, .23] | [.23, .34] | [.19, .31] |
| Disciplinary Problems | .08 | .17 | .16 | .28 | .26 | -.03 | -.12 | -.08 | -.15 | -.09 |
| [.03, .13] | [.12, .21] | [.12, .20] | [.20, .36] | [.18, .34] | [-.08, .02] | [-.17, -.07] | [-.04, -.12] | [-.22, -.07] | [-.16, -.01] | |
| Cigarettes per day | -- | -- | -- | .20 | .18 | -- | -- | -- | -.14 | .10 |
| [.16, .24] | [.14, .21] | [-.18, -.10] | [-.15, -.06] | |||||||
| Educational Attainment | -- | -- | -- | -.19 | -.14 | -- | -- | -- | .26 | .23 |
| [-.23, -.15] | [-.18, -.10] | [.22, .30] | [.19, .27] | |||||||
Note. Age 11 = regression paths from PGS to outcome variable at age 11; Age 14 = regression paths from PGS to outcome variable at age 14; Age 17 = regression paths from PGS to outcome variable at age 17; RI = random intercept factor; 1 PGS = coefficients from one PGS predictor model; 2 PGS = coefficients from two PGS predictor model; Bold = 95% confidence interval does not include 0. Only one PGS was entered as a predictor in each one PGS predictor model; both PGSs were entered as predictors simultaneously in the two PGS predictor model. Smoking is a random intercept factor score for nicotine quantity assessed at ages 14, 17, 21, and 24 years old. Educational attainment was adjusted for age (mean and median age 29.4 years, SD = 3.9 years, range 19.7 to 39.9 years). All models include participant sex and first five genetic principal components as covariates (covariate regression paths not included). 95% confidence intervals presented under estimates; estimates for which confidence intervals do not include 0 are presented in bold. Confidence intervals derived via clustered, non-parametric percentile bootstrapping (with 1,000 random draws).