Table 3.

List of microbial enzymes involved in specific group of xenobiotic metabolism and the organisms producing the enzymes

Enzymes used	Xenobiotic detoxified	Organism	References
Cytochrome P450	fatty acids, 4-n-nonylphenol, pharmaceutical agents, such as S-mephenytoin, phenytoin, S-warfarin, tolbutamide, arachidonic acid, steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances	Sphingomonas sp. strain KSM1, Bacillus megaterium,	Bracco et al. 2013; Di Nardo and Gilardi 2012; Elefterios Venizelos Bezirtzoglou 2012
		Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152
		Actinoplanes sp.
Monoamine oxidase	biogenic amines like histamine, benzyl amines, tyramine, dopamine, octopamine or norepinephrine, etc	Lactic acid bacteria, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Salmonella, Serratia and Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa IFO 3901, Sarcina lutea, Micrococcus luteus IFO 12708 and Brevibacterium ammoniagenes IAM 1641	Murooka et al. 1996; Murooka et al. 1979
Epoxide hydrolase	Epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, epoxyoctane, styrene epoxide and, lipids	Rhodococcus, Nocardia spp., Mycoplana rubra and Methylobacterium spp., Alternaria alternata	Krenn et al. 1999; Morisseau 2013; Theisen and Berger 2005
Alcohol dehydrogenase	2- chloroethanol	Acetohalobium, Acholeplasma, Achromobacter, Acidovorax, Anaerococcus, Coprococcus, Coprothermobacter, Coraliomargarita, Desulfarculus, Desulfatibacillum, Desulfitobacterium, Desulfobacca, Desulfobacterium, Gemmatimonas Geobacillus, Geobacter, Geodermatophilus, Geopsychrobacter, Haemophilus, Hafnia, Marinobacter, Marinomonas, Streptococcus gordonii	Das et al. 2016; Pavlova et al. 2013
Aldehyde dehydrogenase	Acetaldehyde, folate, aromatic aldehydes, Fatty aldehydes, Glutamate γ-semialdehyde, Succinic semialdehyde, Methylmalonate semialdehyde and, Aminoaldehydes	Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli	Nosova et al. 1998; Vasiliou et al. 2000
Thiopurine methyltransferase	thiopurine drugs, such as 6-mercaptopurine	Acetobacter, Acetohalobium, Acholeplasma, Achromobacter, Acidaminococcus, Acidimicrobium, Acidiphilium, Acidithiobacillus, Acidobacterium,	Das et al. 2016
N-acetyl transferase	5-Aminosalicylate, sulfapyridine, mesalamine and sulfasalazine, etc	Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,	Chen et al. 2012; Chung et al. 2001; Ricart et al. 2002; Westwood et al. 2005
Glutathione S-transferase	organophosphorus pesticides and cytotoxic aldehydes produced during lipid peroxidation	Acidiphilium, Acidithiobacillus, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Pseudoanabaena, Pseudoalteromonas, Thiomicospira, Thiomonas, etc	Booth and O’Halloran 2001
Azo reductase	dimethoxybenzidine-based dye- Direct Blue 15, acid yellow, amaranth, azodisalicylate, chicago sky blue, congo red, direct black 38, direct blue 6, direct brown 95, fast yellow, lithol red, methyl orange, methyl red, methyl yellow, naphthalene fast orange 2G, neoprontosil, new coccine, orange ii, phenylazo-2-naphtho1, ponceau 3R, ponceau SX, red 2G, red 10b, salicylazosulphapyridine, sunset yellow, tartrazine, trypan blue, brilliant black	Acidaminococcus, Aerococcus, Bacillus, Butyrivibrio sp., Bacteroides sp., Brevibacillus, Clostridium clostridiiforme., C.paraputrificum, C. nexile, Escherichia, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, E. avium, E. durans, E. gallinarum, E. hirae Eubacterium hadrum, Fusobacterium, Halomonas, Lactobacillus, Lysinibacillus, Peptostreptococcus, Pigmentiphaga, Pneumococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacter, Rhodococcus, Ruminococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Shewanella, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Xenophyllus	Chung et al. 1992; Rafii et al. 1990; Zahran et al. 2019
Alkane hydroxylase	Norcarane, n-Hexane, Iso-hexane, Cyclopentane, etc	Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas aerofaciens, P. putida. Acinetobacter, Rhodococcus and Alcanivorax borkumensis, Hydrocarboniphaga effusa	Janssen et al. 2005
Haloalkane dehalogenase	1,2‐dibromoethane, 1,3‐dichloropropene, 1‐chlorobutane‐, 1‐chlorohexane‐ and, 1,6‐dichlorohexane,	Xanthobacter autotrophicus, Rhodococcus erythropolis, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas pavonaceae	Janssen et al. 2005
Oxalate	an oxalate:formate antiporter; formyl-CoA transferase and oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase	Oxalobacter formigenes	Carmody and Turnbaugh 2014