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Modes of action of SCFAs. SCFAs can activate G protein-coupled receptors (no. 1) and/or enter cells, where they inhibit HDAC (no. 2) or influence metabolic pathways (no. 3). MCT, monocarboxylate transporter; SMCT, sodium-dependent monocarboxylate transporter; GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor; HDAC, histone deacetylase.
