TABLE 1.

Effects of SCFAs on infection

Disease	Pathogen(s)	Host(s)	SCFA type	Effect of SCFAs	Reference(s)
Eye infection	Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococci, and others	Humans and rabbits	Propionate	Relieved symptoms, improved healing, and reverted corneal ulcers	8
Vulvovaginitis	Candida spp.	Humans	Propionate	Relieved symptoms	45
Dermatomycosis	Tinea spp.	Humans	Propionate	Relieved symptoms; led to cure and no recurrence	44
Infected wounds	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Humans	Acetate	Accelerated healing and pathogen clearance	46
Skin infection	MRSA	Humans	Propionate	Reduced inflammation, abscess size, and bacterial loads	29
Colitis	Shigella flexneri	Rabbits	SCFA	Improved clinical symptoms; reduced inflammation and bacterial loads	11, 47
		Humans	Butyrate	Reduced inflammation and increased LL-37 production	48
Intestinal infections	Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium	Mice	Propionate	Limited pathogen growth and impaired the infection	10
Enteritis	Citrobacter rodentium	Mice	Butyrate	Reduced inflammation and improved epithelial repair and bacterial clearance	49
Intestinal infection	Clostridioides difficile	Mice	Butyrate	Reduced inflammation and improved epithelial repair	50
		Mice	Acetate	Increased neutrophil recruitment, epithelial repair, and bacterial clearance	51
Necrotic enteritis	Clostridium perfringens	Broilers	Butyrate	Reduced intestinal lesions and increased weight gain	53
Hemolytic uremic syndrome	Escherichiacoli O157	Piglets	Butyrate	Improved clinical symptoms; reduced inflammation and bacterial loads	52
Intestinal infection	Trichinella spiralis	Mice	SCFA	Reduced invasion and number of parasites; reduced histopathological changes	54
Subcutaneous infection	Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans	Mice	SCFA	Increased bacterial loads; impaired phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils	55
Arthritis	Chikungunya virus	Mice	Butyrate	Increased edema	56