Table 3.
ORs (95% CIs) of predictors associated with 30-day mortality and hospitalisation among veterans and hospitalised veterans with COVID-19
| Characteristics | Veterans with COVID-19 | Hospitalised veterans with COVID-19 | |
| 30-day mortality | Hospitalisation | 30-day mortality | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age | 1.08 (1.07 to 1.08) | 1.02 (1.02 to 1.02) | 1.06 (1.06 to 1.07) |
| Race (reference=white) | |||
| Black | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.22) | 1.64 (1.56 to 1.74) | 1.03 (0.90 to 1.18) |
| Other | 1.33 (1.12 to 1.58) | 1.58 (1.42 to 1.76) | 1.20 (0.92 to 1.57) |
| Sex, women (reference=men) | 0.52 (0.40 to 0.67) | 0.74 (0.67 to 0.82) | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.06) |
| Health characteristics | |||
| BMI category (reference=normal wt) | |||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 1.03 (0.64 to 1.59) | 1.26 (0.92 to 1.71) | 0.67 (0.29 to 1.38) |
| Overweight (25–<30 kg/m2) | 0.89 (0.80 to 1.00) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 1.07 (0.90 to 1.29) |
| Obesity (>18.5 kg/m2) | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.15) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 1.24 (1.03 to 1.49) |
| Smoking status (reference=never smoker) | |||
| Former smoker | 1.15 (1.05 to 1.25) | 1.01 (0.96 to 1.07) | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.28) |
| Current smoker | 1.12 (0.99 to 1.27) | 1.11 (1.03 to 1.19) | 1.21 (1.00 to 1.46) |
| Hypertension | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.94) | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.16) | 0.81 (0.70 to 0.92) |
| Diabetes | 1.37 (1.26 to 1.49) | 1.23 (1.16 to 1.29) | 1.15 (1.00 to 1.31) |
| Cancer | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.22) | 1.36 (1.27 to 1.47) | 1.03 (0.88 to 1.21) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.17 (1.07 to 1.27) | 1.43 (1.35 to 1.52) | 1.15 (1.00 to 1.31) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 1.09 (0.98 to 1.20) | 1.38 (1.29 to 1.48) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.21) |
| Dementia | 1.81 (1.65 to 2.00) | 1.52 (1.41 to 1.63) | 1.37 (1.18 to 1.59) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1.48 (1.36 to 1.61) | 1.27 (1.20 to 1.35) | 1.47 (1.28 to 1.68) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1.09 (0.92 to 1.29) | 1.31 (1.16 to 1.48) | 1.17 (0.92 to 1.47) |
| HIV | 1.05 (0.67 to 1.58) | 1.50 (1.22 to 1.85) | 1.23 (0.71 to 2.03) |
| Pneumonia | 1.44 (1.15 to 1.80) | 2.00 (1.71 to 2.35) | 1.22 (0.90 to 1.62) |
| COPD | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.32) | 1.40 (1.31 to 1.49) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.11) |
| Contextual factors | |||
| ADI rank (reference=1–33.2) | |||
| 33.3–66.6 | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.11) |
| 66.7–100.0 | 1.04 (0.93 to 1.16) | 1.16 (1.09 to 1.25) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.09) |
| COVID-19 testing capacity | |||
| COVID-19 testing capacity (per 10 000 veterans) | 0.92 (0.90 to 0.94) | 0.95 (0.94 to 0.96) | 0.90 (0.86 to 0.93) |
| Hospital occupancy | |||
| Hospital occupancy rate (an increase of 10%) | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.08) | Not included | 1.08 (1.02 to 1.15) |
| C-statistics | 0.834 | 0.718 | 0.746 |
ADI, Area Deprivation Index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.