Table 1.
Summary of zebrafish genes involved in visual transduction cascade
| Gene name | Protein encoded | Expression pattern in photoreceptor layer | Phenotype in zebrafish with abnormal gene expression | Mouse homologs | Associated human eye diseases |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| opn1sw1 | UV opsin | UV cones | Opn1sw | Tritan color blindness [200, 201] | |
| opn1sw2 | Blue opsin | Blue cones | |||
| opn1mw1 | Green opsin | Green cones | Achromatopsia [130] | ||
| opn1mw2 | Green opsin | Green cones | |||
| opn1mw3 | Green opsin | Green cones | |||
| opn1mw4 | Green opsin | Green cones | |||
| opn1lw1 | Red opsin | Red cones | Opn1mw | Achromatopsia [130] | |
| opn1lw2 | Red opsin | Red cones | Opn1mw | ||
| rho | Rod opsin | Rods | Rod photoreceptor degeneration [218] | Rho | Night blindness [168], retinitis pigmentosa [43] |
| gnat1 | Transducin α subunits | Rods and UV cones | Gnat1 | Night blindness [128] | |
| gnb1a | Transducin β subunits | Rods and UV cones | Gnb1 | ||
| gnb1b | Transducin β subunits | Rods and UV cones | Gnb1 | ||
| gngt1 | Transducin γ subunits | Rods and UV cones | Gngt1 | ||
| gnat2 | Transducin α subunits | Cones | Largely reduced photoresponse [21] | Gnat2 | Achromatopsia [91] |
| gnb3a | Transducin β subunits | Cones | Gnb3 | ||
| gnb3b | Transducin β subunits | Cones | Gnb3 | ||
| gngt2a | Transducin γ subunits | Cones | Gngt2 | ||
| gngt2b | Transducin γ subunits | Cones | Gngt2 | ||
| pde6a | PDE catalytic α subunit | Rods and UV cones | Pde6a | Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa [72] | |
| pde6b | PDE catalytic β subunit | Rods and UV cones | Pde6b | Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa [122] | |
| pde6ga | PDE inhibitory γ subunit | Rods and UV cones | Pde6g | ||
| pde6gb | PDE inhibitory γ subunit | Rods and UV cones | Pde6g | ||
| pde6c | PDE catalytic α′ subunit | Cones | Diminished cone ERG and OKR, and cone degeneration [134, 172] | Pde6c | Cone dysfunction and achromatopsia [27, 59, 186] |
| pde6ha | PDE inhibitory γ′ subunit | Cones | Pde6h | ||
| pde6hb | PDE inhibitory γ′ subunit | Cones | Pde6h | ||
| pde6i | PDE inhibitory γ′ subunit | ||||
| cnga1a | CNG channel α1 subunit | Rods | Cnga1 | Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa [42] | |
| cnga1b | CNG channel α1 subunit | Rods | Cnga1 | ||
| cngb1a | CNG channel β1 subunit | Rods | Cngb1 | Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa [5, 14, 93] | |
| cngb1b | CNG channel β1 subunit | Rods | Cngb1 | ||
| cnga3a | CNG channel α3 subunit | Cones | Cnga3 | ||
| cnga3b | CNG channel α3 subunit | Cones | Cnga3 | ||
| cngb3.1 | CNG channel β3 subunit | Cones | Cngb3 | ||
| cngb3.2 | CNG channel β3 subunit | Cones | Cngb3 | ||
| grk1a | G protein–coupled receptor kinase 1a | Rods | Overexpression of grk1a in rods shows minor effect [194] | Grk1 | Oguchi disease [209] |
| grk1b | G protein–coupled receptor kinase 1b | Cones | Delayed ERG response recovery and reduced temporal contrast sensitivity[31] | Grk1 | |
| grk7a | G protein–coupled receptor kinase 7a | Cones | grk7a knockdown [152], grk7a knockout [31], ectopic expression of grk7a in rods [194] | ||
| grk7b | G protein–coupled receptor kinase 7b | UV cones | |||
| arrSa | ArrestinSa | Rods and UV cones | Arr1 | Oguchi disease [58] | |
| arrSb | ArrestinSb | Rods and UV cones | Arr1 | ||
| arr3a | Arrestin3a | Double cones | Delayed ERG response recovery and decreased temporal contrast sensitivity [148] | Arr3 | |
| arr3b | Arrestin3b | Blue and UV cones | Arr3 | ||
| rgs9a | Regulators of G protein signaling 9a | Cones | Rgs9 | Bradyoposia [133] | |
| rgs9b | Regulators of G protein signaling 9b | Rods | Rgs9 | ||
| gucy2e | Guanylate cyclase E | Rods and UV cones | Outer segment loss and shortening, OMR defects [176] | Gucy2e | Leber congenital amaurosis 1 [142] |
| gucy2f | Guanylate cyclase F | Rods and UV cones | Gucy2f | ||
| gucy2d | Guanylate cyclase D | Cones | OKR and OMR impairments [127], PDE6c downregulation [79] | Gucy2d | |
| slc24a1 | Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger 1 | Slc24a1 | Congenital stationary night blindness [150] | ||
| slc24a2 | Na+/Ca2+, K+ exchanger 2 | Slc24a2 | |||
| rcv1a | Recoverin 1a | Rods and UV cones | Accelerates photoresponse recovery [215] | Rcv1 | |
| rcv1b | Recoverin 1b | Cones | |||
| rcv2a | Recoverin 2a | Cones | Accelerates photoresponse recovery [215] | ||
| rcv2b | Recoverin 2b | Cones | Accelerates photoresponse recovery [215] | ||
| gcap1 | Guanylate cyclase activation protein 1 | Rods and UV cones | Guca1a | Autosomal dominant cone dystrophy [140] | |
| gcap2 | Guanylate cyclase activation protein 2 | Rods and UV cones | Guca2b | Autosomal dominant retinal dystrophies [160] | |
| gcap3 | Guanylate cyclase activation protein 3 | Cones | Prolonged photoresponse recovery [9] | ||
| gcap4 | Guanylate cyclase activation protein 4 | Cones | |||
| gcap5 | Guanylate cyclase activation protein 5 | Cones | |||
| gcap7 | Guanylate cyclase activation protein 7 | Cones | |||
| eml1 | CNG-modulin | Cones | Reduced light sensitivity [94] | Eml1 |