Table 1.
Associations with respiratory quotient (RQ).
| N = 192 | Median (IQR)/n | p value (unadj./adj.*) | Stand. β (standard error) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.06/0.2# | − 0.092 (0.0069) | |
| Male | 100 | ||
| Female | 92 | ||
| Age (years) | 51 (27–62) | 0.03/0.02## | − 0.188 (0.017) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.1 (24.7–33.7) | 0.9/0.06 | 0.162 (0.036) |
| Blood pressurea | |||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 137 (127–145) | 0.6/0.97 | − 0.003 (0.065) |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 89 (80–96) | 0.7/0.6 | 0.044 (0.001) |
| Heart rate (bpm)a | 69 (63–78) | 0.6/0.7 | − 0.029 (0.041) |
| Metabolic syndromeb | 0.8/0.4 | − 0.071 (0.007) | |
| Yes | 87 | ||
| No | 100 | ||
| Glycemic category | 0.6/0.8 | ||
| Normal glucose tolerance | 107 | ||
| Prediabetes | 75 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus (newly diagnosed, treatment naïve) | 10 | ||
| Indirect calorimetry | |||
| Fasting respiratory quotient | 0.85 (0.79–0.90) | ||
| Resting energy expenditure (kcal) | 2008 (1746–2275) | 0.3/0.9 | 0.009 (0.000) |
| Body composition | |||
| Total adipose tissue, MR-derived (l)c | 37.9 (26.5–47.3) | 0.7/0.1 | 0.184 (0.022) |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue lower extremity, MR-derived (l)c | 13.7 (9.7–17.6) | 0.7/0.1 | 0.161 (0.025) |
| Visceral adipose tissue, MR-derived (l)d | 4.2 (2.3–6.0) | 0.5/0.1 | 0.180 (0.017) |
| Intrahepatic fat, MRS-derived (%)e | 4.1 (1.4–9.7) | 0.6/0.3 | 0.110 (0.008) |
| Glycemia | |||
| HbA1c (mmol/mol)f/HbA1c (%)f | 37 (34–40)/5.5 (5.3–5.8) | 0.9/0.3 | 0.090 (0.064) |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l)g | 5.3 (4.9–5.8) | 0.2/0.7 | − 0.033 (0.056) |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l)g | 70 (45–109) | 0.5/0.1 | 0.122 (0.011) |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/l)h | 516 (363–711) | 0.9/0.2 | 0.115 (0.016) |
| Disposition indexi | 1243 (684–2061) | 0.1/0.6 | 0.040 (0.009) |
| Insulin sensitvity index (OGTT-derived)j | 9.6 (5.6–15.2) | 0.8/0.1 | − 0.119 (0.011) |
| Adipo-IR (mmol/l * pmol/l)h | 36.0 (19.2–57.4) | 0.07/0.3 | − 0.082 (0.009) |
| Plasma lipids | |||
| Free fatty acids (µmol/l)h | 498 (375–633) | < 0.0001/< 0.0001 | − 0.305 (0.016) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)i | 97 (74–137) | 0.8/0.4 | 0.073 (0.015) |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl)i | 190 (158–227) | 0.6/0.4 | 0.081 (0.000) |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl)i | 121 (95–150) | 0.4/0.7 | 0.032 (0.025) |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dl)i | 52 (43–62) | 0.9/0.4 | 0.069 (0.029) |
| Lipoprotein (a) (mg/dl)i | 12 (7–39) | 0.3/0.3 | − 0.082 (0.006) |
| Proglucagon cleavage productsk | |||
| Insulin/Glucagon ratio | 15.5 (12.7–20.4) | 0.9/0.97 | 0.008 (0.030) |
| Glucagon (pmol/l) | 5.67 (4.27–8.91) | 0.03/0.03 | 0.421 (0.032) |
| Glicentin (pmol/l) | 17.28 (11.11–26.90) | 0.02/0.03 | 0.365 (0.031) |
| Glucagon-like peptide 1 (pmol/l) | 3.39 (2.22–4.25) | 0.08/0.1 | 0.284 (0.021) |
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (pmol/l) | 3.82 (2.52–6.64) | 0.008/0.01 | 0.474 (0.028) |
| Others | |||
| ß-Hydroxybutyric acid (µM/l)k | 47.2 (30.2–85.4) | 0.02/0.02 | − 0.382 (0.015) |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (mU/l)i | 1.82 (1.19–2.75) | 0.3/0.7 | 0.026 (0.009) |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dl)i | 0.12 (0.03–0.35) | 0.7/0.1 | 0.121 (0.005) |
| Morning cortisol, serum (nmol/l)i | 387 (297–508) | 0.5/0.2 | − 0.104 (0.019) |
MR magnetic resonance, MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, Adipo-IR adipose tissue insulin resistance index, LDL-Cholesterol low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
*Adjusted for sex and age; # adjusted for age; ## adjusted for sex and BMI. Standardized ß are from multivariate linear regression models. a: n = 190; b: n = 187; c: n = 137; d: n = 139; e: n = 140; f: n = 178; g: n = 191; h: n = 181; i: n = 179; j: n = 184; k: n = 38. p < 0.05 are printed in bold.