Table 2:
Estimated odds ratio (OR) associations between natural hazard burden and mental health outcomes (N=9,349)*
| Mental Health Outcome | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety (GAD) | Depression (PHQ8) | PTSD | Stress (Cohen) | ||||||
| Prevalence (N, %) | 2173 (23%) | 1469 (16%) | 486 (5%) | 2556 (28%) | |||||
| Natural Hazard Burden Exposure |
Quartile N (%) |
Cases | OR (95% CI) | Cases. | OR (95% CI) | Cases. | OR (95% CI) | Cases. | OR (95% CI) |
| Total Counta | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 1755 (19) | 354 | REF | 251 | REF | 82 | REF | 392 | REF |
| Quartile 2 | 2391 (26) | 618 | 1.26 (0.93, 1.70) | 448 | 1.17 (0.90, 1.52) | 153 | 1.17 (0.78, 1.78) | 703 | 1.21 (1.04, 1.42) |
| Quartile 3 | 2458 (26) | 606 | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) | 402 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.35) | 160 | 1.30 (0.95, 1.78) | 667 | 1.24 (1.06, 1.45) |
| Quartile 4 | 2745 (29) | 622 | 0.88 (0.66, 1.16) | 388 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.13) | 95 | 0.66 (0.45, 0.96) | 820 | 1.40 (1.21, 1.61) |
| Duration of Exposurea | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 2471 (26) | 592 | REF | 427 | REF | 144 | REF | 620 | REF |
| Quartile 2 | 2105 (23) | 457 | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 342 | 0.86 (0.68, 1.08) | 94 | 0.85 (0.60, 1.20) | 565 | 1.11 (0.93, 1.32) |
| Quartile 3 | 2711 (29) | 733 | 1.05 (0.81, 1.37) | 441 | 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) | 163 | 1.31 (0.81, 2.12) | 882 | 1.31 (1.16, 1.48) |
| Quartile 4 | 2062 (22) | 418 | 0.91 (0.72, 1.15) | 279 | 0.81 (0.65, 1.00) | 89 | 0.85 (0.57, 1.27) | 515 | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) |
| Fatalities/Injuries per Capita | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 2134 (23) | 440 | REF | 302 | REF | 91 | REF | 459 | REF |
| Quartile 2 | 2852 (31) | 676 | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13)b | 424 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) | 138 | 0.97 (0.55, 1.72) | 892 | 1.32 (1.16, 1.51) |
| Quartile 3 | 2133 (23) | 546 | 1.16 (0.86, 1.57)b | 393 | 1.26 (0.94, 1.68) | 140 | 1.23 (0.82, 1.83) | 633 | 1.28 (1.06, 1.55) |
| Quartile 4 | 2230 (24) | 538 | 1.31 (1.05, 1.63)b | 370 | 1.20 (0.95, 1.51) | 121 | 1.28 (0.87, 1.88) | 598 | 1.34 (1.15, 1.57) |
| Property/Crop Damage per Capita | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 1550 (17) | 313 | REF | 236 | REF | 50 | REF | 376 | REF |
| Quartile 2 | 2662 (28) | 602 | 0.99 (0.78, 1.25)b | 365 | 0.79 (0.62, 1.00)b | 93 | 0.95 (0.68, 1.33)b | 782 | 1.17 (0.96, 1.42) |
| Quartile 3 | 2784 (30) | 645 | 1.17 (0.91, 1.51)b | 443 | 0.96 (0.75, 1.23)b | 167 | 1.60 (1.15, 2.22)b | 718 | 1.10 (0.82, 1.21) |
| Quartile 4 | 2353 (25) | 640 | 1.42 (1.12, 1.81)b | 445 | 1.22 (0.95, 1.57)b | 180 | 1.99 (1.41, 2.81)b | 706 | 1.19 (0.93, 1.52) |
| Cumulative Scorec | |||||||||
| Level 0 | 3514 (38) | 782 | REF | 502 | REF | 146 | REF | 1050 | REF |
| Level 1 | 5407 (58) | 1275 | 1.31 (1.07, 1.60)b | 895 | 1.35 (1.12, 1.63)b | 304 | 1.51 (1.14, 2.00)b | 1391 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.17) |
| Level 2 | 428 (5) | 143 | 1.88 (1.43, 2.47)b | 92 | 1.66 (1.24, 2.21)b | 40 | 1.99 (1.44, 2.76)b | 141 | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62) |
| Monetized Scored | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 2665 (29) | 572 | REF | 413 | REF | 120 | REF | 655 | REF |
| Quartile 2 | 1710 (18) | 379 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.22)b | 257 | 0.88 (0.66, 1.16) | 113 | 1.38 (0.93, 2.03) | 415 | 1.06 (0.87, 1.28)b |
| Quartile 3 | 2848 (30) | 744 | 1.11 (0.84, 1.46)b | 477 | 1.02 (0.72, 1.42) | 134 | 0.99 (0.63, 1.56) | 917 | 1.27 (1.07, 1.50)b |
| Quartile 4 | 2126 (23) | 505 | 1.28 (1.02, 1.60)b | 342 | 1.13 (0.88, 1.44) | 123 | 1.36 (0.90, 2.05) | 595 | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54)b |
Adjusted for age, education, employment, sex, race, ethnicity, alcohol use, smoking, total hydrocarbon exposure, and county-level median income
Incorporates NCEI-designated Billion-Dollar Disasters only
Linear Regression Test for Trend, P < 0.05
For each participant, a score of one was assigned if they were categorized in the top quartile for each individual exposure parameter of severity: fatalities per capita, injuries per capita, property losses per capita, crop losses per capita. Level 0 = score of 0, Level 1 = scores of 1-2, Level 2 = scores of 3-4
Values of $4 million were assigned to each fatality and $600,000 to each injury. Dollar amounts for fatalities per capita, injuries per capita, property losses per capita and crop losses per capita were added together, and participants were categorized into quartiles per losses in dollar amounts.