Fig. 1. Clustering and classification of immune cells in peripheral blood and synovium from patients with RA.

a Overview of the experimental workflow. HC: Healthy Control; ACPA: anti-citrullinated-peptide antibodies; scRNA-seq: single-cell RNA sequencing. b UMAP visualization of pooled scRNA-seq data of 135,429 CD45⁺ cells from PBMC (Peripheral blood mononuclear cells). We identified 25 clusters, including B cells (four clusters), T/NK cells (nine clusters), and myeloid cells (seven clusters). c Relative percentage of cell subtypes in PBMC across donors, grouped by ACPA type. d UMAP visualization of pooled scRNA-seq data of 71,073 CD45⁺ cells from STMC (synovial tissue mononuclear cells). We identified 20 clusters, including B cells (two clusters), T cells (6 clusters), dendritic cells (four clusters), and macrophages (seven clusters). e Relative percentage of cell subtypes in STMC across donors, grouped by ACPA type.