Table 1.
Demographic information for samples. Hands represents participants' handedness, and OC indicates whether the participant is an only offspring in the family. In addition, FS describes whether the participant has foster parents, whilst SES refers to the economic status of participants. As to neuropsychiatric examinations, sub-scale of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), namely trait anxiety inventory (TAI) was used to check anxiety symptoms for participants. PCL-C (The PTSD Cheeklist-Civilian Version) was used to measure one's PTSD symptom. Self-rating depression scale (SDS) was adopted to test one's depression symptom. Adolescent Self-Rating Life Event Scale Checklist (ASLES) was utilized to investigate their recent negative life events. Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was also conducted to acquire their emotional status at scanning date, with P for positive affect and N for negative affect. Pittsburg sleep quality index scale (PSQI) was used to identify whether one suffers from insomnia (see more details for neuropsychological examinations in Supplementary Materials). EI represents COVID-19 epidemic index (see Method and Materials section). Statistics are provided to show whether there were significant differences between the PTSD+ and PTSD-, using a non-parametric statistical model for quantifiable variables and a contingency table analysis for counted variables. BF indicates Bayesian factors of corresponding statistics (see Method and Materials for more details).
| PTSD + (main sample) |
PTSD- (main sample) |
BF10 | PTSD + (validation sample) |
PTSD- (validation sample) |
BF10 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| male | female | male | female | male | female | male | female | |||
| Gender | 18 | 24 | 16 | 26 | 0.45 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 0.91 |
| Age (S.D) | 20.20 (1.37) | 20.20 (1.32) | 20.00 (1.50) | 19.80 (1.36) | 0.55 | 20.10 (1.30) | 20.19 (0.91) | 19.69 (0.72) | 19.62 (0.89) | 0.75 |
| Races (%) | 66.67 (Han); 33.33 (others) | 73.80 (Han); 26.19 (others) | 0.01 | 68.75 (Han); 31.25 (Others) | 100.0 (Han); 0.00 (Others) | 2.11 | ||||
| OC (%) | 38.10 (OC); 61.90 (others) | 38.09 (OC); 61.90 (others) | 0.26 | 50.00 (OC); 50.00 (Others) | 43.75 (OC); 56.25 (Others) | 0.47 | ||||
| FS (%) | 90.47 (Parents); 9.52 (others) | 85.71 (Parents); 14.28 (others) | 0.03 | 87.50 (Parent); 12.50 (Other) | 87.50 (Parent); 12.50 (Other) | – | ||||
| SES (%) | 83.33 (Poor); 16.67 (others) | 71.42 (Poor); 25.88 (others) | 1.54 | 87.50 (Poor); 12.50 (Others) | 81.25 (Poor); 18.75 (Others) | 0.99 | ||||
| PCL-C | 56.07 ± 5.07 | 10.44 ± 3.22 | 5885* | 56.75 ± 10.04 | 40.25 ± 3.34 | 37* | ||||
| TAI | 38.62 ± 7.63 | 40.17 ± 7.05 | 0.34 | 40.44 ± 8.17 | 41.66 ± 6.71 | 0.23 | ||||
| SDS | 42.83 ± 6.34 | 42.53 ± 7.47 | 0.23 | 43.43 ± 5.21 | 41.87 ± 4.24 | 0.44 | ||||
| ASLES | 53.67 ± 12.71 | 51.26 ± 13.67 | 0.31 | 50.56 ± 10.41 | 51.73 ± 13.63 | 0.66 | ||||
| PANAS-P | 28.05 ± 6.06 | 29.21 ± 6.67 | 0.31 | 29.41 ± 6.89 | 30.01 ± 5.15 | 0.22 | ||||
| PANAS-N | 20.21 ± 6.25 | 18.17 ± 5.78 | .12 | 15.26 ± 5.03 | 15.10 ± 4.72 | 0.18 | ||||
| PSQI | 10.02 ± 2.91 | 9.98 ± 3.04 | .94 | 9.80 ± 3.41 | 9.01 ± 3.95 | 0.36 | ||||
| EI | 0.89 ± 1.14 | 0.92 ± 0.14 | .80 | 0.93 ± 0.56 | 0.89 ± 0.33 | 0.54 | ||||